میان پوست = dermis درم

dermis = درم، بخش میانی پوست، میان پوست

epidermis = ایپدرم، روپوست

BORAGE OIL: Plant-derived natural oil derived from the flower and seed pods, it protects the skin's natural lipid barrier. Smooths rough, dry skin. Provides essential lipids to the epidermis. (cellularskinrx.com)

GLYCOLIC ACID: Alpha Hydroxy Acids are a group of naturally occurring acids which are derived from certain plants and fruits. The most commonly used form of AHA is Glycolic Acid, which comes from sugar cane. Glycolic Acid dissolves the “glue” that holds dead skin cells together in the epidermis. Once loosened up, these dead skin cells can be easily dissolved or exfoliated to reveal new skin underneath. Glycolic acid reduces and prevents fine lines, lightens hyperpigmentation, and unclogs pores. (cellularskinrx.com)

LACTIC ACID: Lactic Acid is derived from milk sugar. Lactic Acid belongs to the family of alpha hydroxy acids. It is less irritating to the skin than the fruit- and sugar cane-derived AHAs. Lactic Acid dissolves the “glue” that holds dead skin cells together in the epidermis. Once loosened up, these dead skin cells can be easily dissolved or exfoliated to reveal new skin underneath. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Clinically proven to regenerate the skin's upper layers by stimulating collagen production, thus thickening the epidermis. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of the C-terminal portion of collagen I (the most common type of the nineteen forms of collagen) combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. One could look at Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 as a man-made precursor to collagen I. When this protein is added to cultured human fibroblasts it enhances the synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin. In vitro, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen IV synthesis by 100-327% and to stimulate hyaluronic acidsynthesis by 267%. In vivo Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen synthesis by 30-117%. Image analysis determined the effect Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had on wrinkled skin. The six-month results are listed below, though significant results were seen in two months. Results: Mean wrinkle depth -- Reduced 17% Surface area: deep wrinkles -- Reduced 68% Surface area: moderate wrinkles -- Reduced 51% Mean density of wrinkled area -- Reduced 47% Skin roughness -- Reduced 16% Main wrinkle volume -- Reduced 24%. These results show that Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had a dramatic effect on reducing the quantity and depth of wrinkles. It also improved surface smoothness. (cellularskinrx.com)

RETINOL: Retinol is pure active Vitamin A which is scientifically proven to produce healthy, plump skin cells. Because Retinol's molecular structure is small enough to penetrate the outer layers of the epidermis, it can repair deeper layers within the skin.  Collagen and elastin are positively impacted by the benefits of Retinol, as it stimulates the production of collagen in the skin layers, and helps to rebuild and repair elastin fibers. Retinol accelerates cell turnover, encouraging dead skin cells to naturally exfoliate more quickly, thus revealing healthy, fresh cells. It is an excellent ingredient that aids in the repair of sun damaged skin.  Retinol has been proven to be extremely helpful in the treatment of acne without the drying effects (cellularskinrx.com)

hypodermis = هیپودرم، هیپودرمیس، لایه زیر پوست

the epidermis = اپیدرم

BORAGE OIL: Plant-derived natural oil derived from the flower and seed pods, it protects the skin's natural lipid barrier. Smooths rough, dry skin. Provides essential lipids to the epidermis. (cellularskinrx.com)

GLYCOLIC ACID: Alpha Hydroxy Acids are a group of naturally occurring acids which are derived from certain plants and fruits. The most commonly used form of AHA is Glycolic Acid, which comes from sugar cane. Glycolic Acid dissolves the “glue” that holds dead skin cells together in the epidermis. Once loosened up, these dead skin cells can be easily dissolved or exfoliated to reveal new skin underneath. Glycolic acid reduces and prevents fine lines, lightens hyperpigmentation, and unclogs pores. (cellularskinrx.com)

LACTIC ACID: Lactic Acid is derived from milk sugar. Lactic Acid belongs to the family of alpha hydroxy acids. It is less irritating to the skin than the fruit- and sugar cane-derived AHAs. Lactic Acid dissolves the “glue” that holds dead skin cells together in the epidermis. Once loosened up, these dead skin cells can be easily dissolved or exfoliated to reveal new skin underneath. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Clinically proven to regenerate the skin's upper layers by stimulating collagen production, thus thickening the epidermis. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of the C-terminal portion of collagen I (the most common type of the nineteen forms of collagen) combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. One could look at Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 as a man-made precursor to collagen I. When this protein is added to cultured human fibroblasts it enhances the synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin. In vitro, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen IV synthesis by 100-327% and to stimulate hyaluronic acidsynthesis by 267%. In vivo Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen synthesis by 30-117%. Image analysis determined the effect Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had on wrinkled skin. The six-month results are listed below, though significant results were seen in two months. Results: Mean wrinkle depth -- Reduced 17% Surface area: deep wrinkles -- Reduced 68% Surface area: moderate wrinkles -- Reduced 51% Mean density of wrinkled area -- Reduced 47% Skin roughness -- Reduced 16% Main wrinkle volume -- Reduced 24%. These results show that Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had a dramatic effect on reducing the quantity and depth of wrinkles. It also improved surface smoothness. (cellularskinrx.com)

RETINOL: Retinol is pure active Vitamin A which is scientifically proven to produce healthy, plump skin cells. Because Retinol's molecular structure is small enough to penetrate the outer layers of the epidermis, it can repair deeper layers within the skin.  Collagen and elastin are positively impacted by the benefits of Retinol, as it stimulates the production of collagen in the skin layers, and helps to rebuild and repair elastin fibers. Retinol accelerates cell turnover, encouraging dead skin cells to naturally exfoliate more quickly, thus revealing healthy, fresh cells. It is an excellent ingredient that aids in the repair of sun damaged skin.  Retinol has been proven to be extremely helpful in the treatment of acne without the drying effects (cellularskinrx.com)

dermis density = تراکم درم 

dermis degradation = تخریب درم

degradation of dermis fibers = تخریب فیبرهای درم 

The dermal papillae (DP) are small, nipple-like extensions of the dermis into the epidermis. = درمال پاپیلا، برآمدگی های درم به داخل اپیدرم

subcutaneous tissue is a fatty layer underneath the dermis also called adipose or subcutis tissue = بافت زیرجلدی لایه چرب زر درم که به آن آدیپوز یا بافت سابکوتیس نیز می گویند

papillary layer = the first layer of dermis located beneath epidermis and above the reticular layer = لایه پاپیلاری = اولین لایه درم که زیر اپیردم و بالای درم رتیکولار قرار گرفته است

stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis that is located between stratum granulosum and stratum germinativum = استراتوم اسپینوزوم لایه ای از اپیدرم است که بین لایه دانه دار و بازال قرار گرفته است

epidermis2 = اپیدرمیس

dermis
درم، بخش میانی پوست، میان پوست

epidermis
ایپدرم، روپوست

epidermis2
اپیدرمیس

hypodermis
هیپودرم، هیپودرمیس، لایه زیر پوست

papillary layer = the first layer of dermis located beneath epidermis and above the reticular layer
لایه پاپیلاری = اولین لایه درم که زیر اپیردم و بالای درم رتیکولار قرار گرفته است

stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis that is located between stratum granulosum and stratum germinativum
استراتوم اسپینوزوم لایه ای از اپیدرم است که بین لایه دانه دار و بازال قرار گرفته است

subcutaneous tissue is a fatty layer underneath the dermis also called adipose or subcutis tissue
بافت زیرجلدی لایه چرب زر درم که به آن آدیپوز یا بافت سابکوتیس نیز می گویند

the epidermis
اپیدرم

 هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی اثر کرم ضدچروک حاوی کرونولاین بر ساختار پوست و مقایسه آن با پلاسیبو با یک روش in vivo می باشد. روش استفاده شده تصویربرداری با امواج فرکانس بالای فراصوت است. صداهای منعکس شده از لایه میان پوست (درم) نشات گرفته از لایه های مرزی بین رشته های کلاژن ، مایع غنی از آب احاطه کننده آنها و سلولها می باشد. تغییرات پژواک دهی را می توان انعکاسی از تغییر در ترکیب درصد بافت پیوندی دِرم دانست. «پژواک سنجی درم» را می توان به عنوان وسیله ای برای نشان دادن پیری پوست پیشنهاد کرد. روش آزمایش داوطلب زن سفیدپوست در رده سنی تا سال دارای پوستی سالم در این آزمایش شرکت کردند. داوطلبین یک کرم پلاسیبو بر روی ناحیه پنجه کلاغی (چروک های گوشه بیرونی چشم) یک طرف پیشانی و یک کرم حاوی درصد پلاسیبو را بر روی ناحیه پنجه کلاغی طرف دیگر پیشانی استفاده کردند. استفاده از این کرم ها به مدت روز و هر روز دو مرتبه انجام شد. پژواک سنجی پوست در روز صفر(D0) و روز (D168) انجام شد. از یک اسکنر فراصوت مگاهرتزی برای گرفتن تصویر از سطح مقطع پوست استفاده شد.