gommage = گماژ، لایه بردار پاک کنی که روی پوست مالیده می شود و سلولهای مرده را روی سطح پوست لوله کرده و خارج می کند، لغت فرانسوی به معنای پاک کن

Gommage (French) = گماژ (لغت فرانسوی به معنای پاک کن) به لایه بردارهایی می گویند که در هنگاه استفاده مانند پاک کن پوست را لایه برداری می کند

A gommage is a French word meaning erase = گماژ واژه فرانسوی به معنای پاک کن است

Physical exfoliants are granular scrubs and also gommages = لایه بردارهای فیزیکی اسکراب های دانه ای یا گماژها هستند

E coli, Escherichia coli, gram-negative commonly found in the lower intestine = اکولای، اشرشیاکلی، باکتری گرم نگاتیو که معمولا در روده پایینی یافت می شود.

Intestine = روده

Ambergris: From whale intestines. Used as a fixative in making perfumes and as a flavoring in foods and beverages. Alternatives: synthetic or vegetable fixatives. (peta.org)

Catgut: Tough string from the intestines of sheep, horses, etc. Used for surgical sutures. Also for stringing tennis rackets, musical instruments, etc. Alternatives: nylon and other synthetic fibers. (peta.org)

plaque = عارضه برآمده پوستی که اندازه اش بزرگتر از یک سانتی متر باشد. مثل پلاک پسوریازیس و پلاک میلیا

red plaques = پلاک های قرمز رنگ

plaque psoriasis = پلاک پسوریازیس = شایع ترین فرم پسوریازیس

thick, scaly patches called plaques = تکه های ضخیم و پوسته پوسته پوست که با آن پلاک می گویند

plaque = soft, sticky film that builds up on your teeth = پلاک دندان = لایه نرم و چسبناک که روی دندان انباشته می شود

seizure = تشنج

seizures or epilepsies = حمله های عصبی یا صرع

rosacea = رزاسه

LICORICE ROOT EXTRACT: This extract helps to reduce redness caused by stress, acne and rosacea. (cellularskinrx.com)

acne rosacea = آکنه رزاسه

couperose, rosacea = کوپروز، رزاسه، برافروختگی پوست، یکی از عوارض و بیماری های پوستی که وجود قرمزی و برجستگی های قرمز و کوچک روی صورت از علائم آن است.

rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition of the cheeks and nose = رزاسه عارضه التهابی مزمن گونه و بینی است

Symptom of: eczema and rosacea,infections like scarlet fever andshingles, temperature exposure,stress = علائم بیماری هایی مثل: اگزما و روزاسه، عفونت هایی مانند مخملک و زونا، قرار گرفتن در معرض دما، استرس

rosacea, a very common skin disease that affects people over the age of 30. It causes redness on your nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead = رزاسه، بیماری رایج پوستی که افراد بالای 30 سال را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد و با قرمزی روی بینی، گونه، چانه و پیشانی بروز می کند

absolute = خالص و بدون نقص، مطلق، ابسلوت

ABSOLUTE: Highly concentrated perfume ingredient obtained by the alcohol extraction of the concrete. The concrete is obtained by the solvent extract of the plant material. (fragrance.org)

CONCRETE: Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. (fragrance.org)

RHIZOMES: Root-like stems with nodes, which grow under or along the ground. Certain perfume raw materials come from rhizomes, e.g., Orris absolute and ginger oil. (fragrance.org)

ABSOLUTE, Highly concentrated perfume ingredient obtained by the alcohol extraction of the concrete. The concrete is obtained by the solvent extract of the plant material. = ابسولوت به ماده عطری بسیار غلیظ می‌گویند كه با استخراج الكلی كانكریت­ها به دست می‌آید. كانكریت با روش استخراج با حلال از گیاهان به دست می‌آید.

CONCRETE, Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. = كانكریت: ماده مومی شكل جامد كه با روش استخراج با حلال از مواد گیاهی مثل گلها، ساقه و برگ درختان به دست می آید. ابسولوت از استخراج الكلی كانكریت ها به دست می آید.

acetone = استون، مایع قابل اشتعال، بی رنگ، قابل امتزاج با آب و الکل و اتر که طعم شیرین اما سوزاننده دارد و به عنوان حلال استفاده می شود.

Dihydroxyacetone = دی هیدروکسی استون

aerobic = هوازی، قابل زیستن یا رخ دادن فقط در شرایط حضور اکسیژن. به ورزش ها و رقص هایی که باعث افزایش ضربان قلب می شوند نیز گفته می شود.

aerobic respiration = تنفس هوازی که در میتوکندری سلول ها اتفاق می افتد.

alembic = قرع و انبیق، ابزار گلاب گیری قدیم، ظرف تقطیر برای تولید گلاب و اسانس

allergy = آلرژی، حساسیت

atopic refers to allergy = کلمه آتوپیک به آلرژی اشاره دارد

atopic dermatitis describes skin inflammation that results from an allergy = درماتیت آتوپیک ، التهاب پوست که در اثر یک آلرژی بوجود آمده را توصیف می کند

Almond oil = روغن بادام

PRUNUS AMYGDALUS AMARA — Bitter Almond Oil. Essential oil used as a skin softener. Sometimes added to cosmetics for its mild, pleasant scent. (INCI dictionary)

PRUNUS AMYGDALUS DULCIS — Sweet Almond Oil, Sweet Almond Butter. Excellent emollient high in oleic, linoleic and other fatty acids, ideal in the treatment of very dry hair and skin. Soothing and moisturizing. A good absorption base. (INCI dictionary)

PRUNUS ARMENIACA KERNEL OIL — Apricot Oil. Essential oil from apricot pits, also known as persic oil. An emollient similar in composition to almond oil, it has a softening effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

Almond Butter, Almond Meal – Prunus amygdalus dulcis Almond Oil – See Sweet Almond Oil; Bitter Almond Oil Aloe, Aloe Vera – Aloe barbadensis (INCI dictionary)

Mink Oil: From minks. In cosmetics, creams, etc. Alternatives: vegetable oils and emollients such as avocado oil, almond oil, and jojoba oil. (peta.org)

Animal Fats and Oils: In foods, cosmetics, etc. Highly allergenic. Alternatives: olive oil, wheat germ oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil, almond oil, safflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Collagen: Fibrous protein in vertebrates. Usually derived from animal tissue. Can’t affect the skin’s own collagen. An allergen. Alternatives: soy protein, almond oil, amla oil (see alternatives to Keratin), etc. (peta.org)

Fatty Acids: Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such as caprylic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap, detergents, cosmetics, food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy lecithin, safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Keratin: Protein from the ground-up horns, hooves, feathers, quills, and hair of various animals. In hair rinses, shampoos, permanent wave solutions. Alternatives: almond oil, soy protein, amla oil (from the fruit of an Indian tree), human hair from salons. Rosemary and nettle give body and strand strength to hair. (peta.org)

Micronized Gold 24k, Organinc Argan Oil, Camellia Oil, Olive Oil, Baobab Oil, Raspberry Seed Oil, Rosa Moschata Oil, Sweet Almond Oil, Neem Oil, Sesame Oil, Boswellia Serrata Oil, Vitamin E, Uva And Uvb Solar Filters. (Miriam Quevado Ultrabrilliant Sublime Gold Lotion Spray)

Almond flavor = رایحه بادام

Almond, Prunus species = بادام

Tropical Almond, Terminalia chebula = هلیله، بادام گرمسیری

Ampulla = آمپول

anagen = آناژن، فاز رشد سیکل مو

Anagen: the Growth phase. Hair is actively growing; this phase can last from 2 to 6 years. (Capixyl)

Telogen: the Resting phase. The hair stays attached to the follicle and falls out only to be replaced by the next building hair in the anagen phase. This phase lasts approximately 100 days. (Capixyl)

anagen hair/telogen hair ratio = نسبت موهای آناژن به تلوژن

Antiperspirant = ضدعرق، آنتی پرسپیرانت، دسته از محصولات آرایشی بهداشتی هستند که به صورت موضعی روی پوست زیربغل مالیده می شوند تا خیسی ایجاد شده در اثر ترشحات غدد آکرینی را کم کنند

Chitosan: A fiber derived from crustacean shells. Used as a lipid binder in diet products; hair, oral, and skin-care products; antiperspirants; and deodorants. Alternatives: raspberries, yams, legumes, dried apricots, many other fruits and vegetables. (peta.org)

areolar = حلقوی

aroma = آروما، ماده معطر، اسانس، ماده خوشبو، ترکیبات آروماتیک

plant aroma = آرومای گیاهی

aromatherapy = آروماتراپی، رایحه درمانی

aromatherapist = آروماتراپیست

aromatic agent = ماده معطر و آروماتیک

Chemical aroma = ماده شیمیایی معطر

aroma chemicals = مواد شیمیایی معطر

Aromatic plants = گیاهان معطر

Clove, syzgium aromaticum = میخک، قرنفل، اوژنول

fragrance and aroma ingredients = مواد معطر و خوشبو

Nepalese Cardamom, Amomum aromaticum = هل نپالی

Chinese Cinnamon, Cinnamomum aromaticum = دارچین چینی، سلیخه

AROMA, A term used to describe a sensation which is between smell and taste, such as the aroma of coffee. = آروما، واژه‌ای است كه احساس بین بوییدن و چشیدن را بیان می‌کند. مثل آرومای قهوه.

ISOLATES, Aroma chemicals that are primarily isolated from natural products. They are highly refined natural substances. = ایزولات ها: مواد شیمیایی كه تركیبات طبیعی جداسازی شدند.

MOSSY, The odor suggestive of the aromatic lichens, and mosses, primarily oak moss and tree moss; reminiscent of forest depths. = خزه ای: بویی كه شبیه مواد معطر لیتن ها، خزه ها مثل خزه بلوط است. یادآور اعماق جنگل.

essential oils, an essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, also known as volatile oils = اسانس های روغنی، ماده هیدروفوب غلیظ شده که حاوی ترکیبات آروماتیک فرار گیاهان می باشد. اسانس های روغنی را روغن های فرار نیز می نامند.

IONONES, One of the most valued synthetic perfume ingredients. They have a fresh, violet aroma and were first introduced into perfumery in 1936 in Violettes de Toulouse. = آیونونها: یكی از باارزش ترین مواد عطری سنتزی، رایحه تازه و گل بنفشه دارند. در سال 1936 به صنعت عطرسازی معرفی شدند.

FOUGÈRE, The French word for “fern.” Fougère fragrances depend on aromatic chemicals to produce the fern-like notes that combine well with lavender, citrus and coumarin in fragrances for men. = فوژه: لغت فرانسوی فِرن یا سرخس. عطریات فوژه مواد شیمایی آروماتیك برای تولید نوت های سرخس مانند هستند كه از آمیزش لاوندر، سیتروس، كومارین به دست می آید.

AROMA-CHOLOGY, A term coined by The Fragrance Foundation to describe the interrelationship between psychology and the latest in fragrance technology to elicit a variety of specific feelings and emotions. = آروماكولوژی، واژه‌ای كه توسط خانه‌های عطر ابداع شده تا شرح دهد رابطه بین روانشناسی و تكنولوژی عطر را تا احساسات و عواطف را برانگیزد.

DISTILLATION, A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are recollected through condensation of the distilled vapour. = تقطیر: تكنیك رایج برای بدست آوردن مواد آروماتیك گیاهان مثل شكوفه پرتقال و رز. ماده اولیه حرارت داده می شود و تركیب عطری جمع آوری می شود با روش میعان مایع تقطیر شده.

AROMA CHEMICALS, Molecules obtained from natural products or made by synthetic organic chemistry that have an aroma. Most of the synthetic aroma chemicals are nature identical, i.e., identical to the same molecule obtained from a natural product. = مواد شیمیایی آروماتیك یا آروماكمیكال ها مولکول‌هایی هستند كه از محصولات طبیعی به دست می‌آیند یا به صورت سنتزی ساخته می‌شوند و بو دارند. بسیاری از مواد شیمایی آروماتیك بوی شبیه مواد طبیعی دارند. به عبارت دیگر شبیه مولکول‌هایی هستند كه از طبیعت به دست می‌آیند.

ENFLEURAGE, In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. = انفلوراژ: در این فرایند مواد معطر به داخل یك ماده مومی شكل جذب می شود و سپس روغنهای معطر با اتیل الكل جدا می شود. استخراج با انفلوراژ برای گیاهان ظریف استفاده می شود كه در اثر تقطیر ممكن است ملكولهای مواد معطرشان تخریب شود.

ANIMALIC, Characterized by bodily aromas or aromas most associated with traditional animal materials such as musk, civet and castoreum. These materials are now banned and have been replaced with musks obtained from plants and civet and castoreum smelling molecules obtained synthetically. = انیمالیك یا حیوانی، به بوهایی گفته می‌شود كه در عطرهای حیوانی سنتی مثل مُشك، سیوت و كاستریوم وجود دارد. این مواد در حال حاضر ممنوع هستند و با مشک‌های به دست آمده از گیاهان و مولکول‌هایی كه بوی شبیه سیوت و كاستریوم می‌دهند و به صورت سنتزی تشكل شده‌اند جایگزین شده‌اند.

NEROLI OIL, Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. = روغن نرولی: روغنی كه از شكوفه معطر پرتقال تلخ به دست می آید.

AROMATHERAPY, The use of volatile plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. The therapeutic use of pure essential oils and herbs in body massage,which is described by proponents as “healing, beautifying and soothing” the body and mind.The history of aromatherapy stretches as far back as 6,000 years ago in ancient Egypt. It wasn’t until the 1920’s, however, when the term was actually coined by a French chemist, R.M. Gattefosse. = آروماتراپی، استفاده از روغن‌های گیاهی شامل اسانس‌های روغنی برای سلامت فیزیكی و فیزیولوژیكی. استفاده درمانی از اسانس‌های روغنی خالص و گیاهان در ماساژ بدن، شفابخش، زیباكننده و التیام‌بخش برای بدن و ذهن می‌باشد. تاریخچه آروماتراپی به 6 هزار سال پیش به مصر باستان برمی‌گردد. در سال 1920 این واژه توسط یك شیمیدان فرانسوی به نام گَته فوزه ابداع شد.

internal audits should be conducted = ممیزی های داخلی باید انجام شوند.

Bamboo, Arundinaria japonica = بامبو، قند خیزران

OCIMUM BASILICUM = ریحان

Basil, Ocimum basilicum = ریحان، تخم شربتی، ریحان شیرین، علف سن ژوزف

Bleach = دکلره

AVENA SATIVA KERNEL FLOUR — Oatmeal. Natural cleanser and toner, its mild exfoliating action makes it an excellent addition to facial masks. Has a slight bleaching effect and is said to help fade age spots and other skin imperfections and to even out skin tones. (INCI dictionary)

MAGNOLIA BIONDII — Magnolia Blossom Extract. Natural ton- ic and anti-irritant added to face creams for its slight bleaching effect on the skin. Sometimes used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

Bleach: Bleach is a chemical agent used to lighten or disperse pigment from the hair shaft in a permanent manner. Bleaching is useful when you want to go from a darker color to a much lighter one, but beware because bleaching is quite harsh on the hair and over-processing must be avoided. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleach Activator: Bleach activator is generally hydrogen peroxide and it's needed to open the hair cuticle to allow the bleaching agent inside the hair shaft. It also chemically reacts with the bleach to de-colorize pigments. The higher the volume of peroxide (activator) used, the faster and lighter the hair becomes- but the more damaged it can get too. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleaching: Bleaching is the actual process where lightening or de-colorization occurs, starting from the largest (darkest) pigments. This is typically known as the 7 stages of bleaching: black - brown - red-brown - red - orange - yellow - white (in that order). (thehairstyler.com)

Cortex: The cortex lies directly underneath the cuticle and is spiral-looking in appearance- kind of like a coiled rope. It's here that pigments are found and that natural hair elasticity, i.e. straight, wavy, curly, gets its form. The cortex is also where all permanent chemical coloring takes place, including bleaching, perming and chemical straightening, and where the natural shape of the hair is changed; for example, using hot irons to go from curly to straight or hot rollers to go from straight to curly. These changes last only until the hair becomes wet again. (thehairstyler.com)

Natural Hair Color: Natural hair color is a person's original hair color; in other words, excluding any artificial colors, highlights, or chemicals that can coat the hair (such as chlorine that makes the hair look green). Your natural hair color does take into account any natural bleaching that is caused by the sun. Natural hair color is an important thing for a colorist to take into consideration as each natural hair color reacts differently to artificial color. (thehairstyler.com)

Permanent Hair Color: A permanent hair color employs chemicals to artificially change, delete, or counteract the natural pigment in the cortex layer of the hair shaft. This is done when dyes and bleaches are turned on by mixing them with an activator (generally peroxide) and sometimes heat, to open the cuticle and then allow the chemical changes to take place. The results are permanent changes that do not revert back to the original, however the roots of the hair grow back unchanged (regrowth). (thehairstyler.com)

Peroxide: Peroxide is otherwise known as hydrogen peroxide and is used in many ways in everyday life as a bleaching agent, disinfectant, oxidizer and antiseptic, but it's extensively used in hair color services as a developer or activator. Its primary role is to open the cuticle layer and allow tints or bleach into the cortex so they can then deposit or remove color by breaking disulfide bonds within the hair, releasing sulfur (hence the smell). When peroxide is mixed with hair bleach, the peroxide continues to de-colorize color pigments; but when mixed with tints, its role is to bond the new color molecule inside the hair. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleaching = دکلره کردن موها، بی رنگ کردن موها، بلیچ کردن موها

AVENA SATIVA KERNEL FLOUR — Oatmeal. Natural cleanser and toner, its mild exfoliating action makes it an excellent addition to facial masks. Has a slight bleaching effect and is said to help fade age spots and other skin imperfections and to even out skin tones. (INCI dictionary)

MAGNOLIA BIONDII — Magnolia Blossom Extract. Natural ton- ic and anti-irritant added to face creams for its slight bleaching effect on the skin. Sometimes used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

Bleach: Bleach is a chemical agent used to lighten or disperse pigment from the hair shaft in a permanent manner. Bleaching is useful when you want to go from a darker color to a much lighter one, but beware because bleaching is quite harsh on the hair and over-processing must be avoided. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleach Activator: Bleach activator is generally hydrogen peroxide and it's needed to open the hair cuticle to allow the bleaching agent inside the hair shaft. It also chemically reacts with the bleach to de-colorize pigments. The higher the volume of peroxide (activator) used, the faster and lighter the hair becomes- but the more damaged it can get too. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleaching: Bleaching is the actual process where lightening or de-colorization occurs, starting from the largest (darkest) pigments. This is typically known as the 7 stages of bleaching: black - brown - red-brown - red - orange - yellow - white (in that order). (thehairstyler.com)

Cortex: The cortex lies directly underneath the cuticle and is spiral-looking in appearance- kind of like a coiled rope. It's here that pigments are found and that natural hair elasticity, i.e. straight, wavy, curly, gets its form. The cortex is also where all permanent chemical coloring takes place, including bleaching, perming and chemical straightening, and where the natural shape of the hair is changed; for example, using hot irons to go from curly to straight or hot rollers to go from straight to curly. These changes last only until the hair becomes wet again. (thehairstyler.com)

Natural Hair Color: Natural hair color is a person's original hair color; in other words, excluding any artificial colors, highlights, or chemicals that can coat the hair (such as chlorine that makes the hair look green). Your natural hair color does take into account any natural bleaching that is caused by the sun. Natural hair color is an important thing for a colorist to take into consideration as each natural hair color reacts differently to artificial color. (thehairstyler.com)

Peroxide: Peroxide is otherwise known as hydrogen peroxide and is used in many ways in everyday life as a bleaching agent, disinfectant, oxidizer and antiseptic, but it's extensively used in hair color services as a developer or activator. Its primary role is to open the cuticle layer and allow tints or bleach into the cortex so they can then deposit or remove color by breaking disulfide bonds within the hair, releasing sulfur (hence the smell). When peroxide is mixed with hair bleach, the peroxide continues to de-colorize color pigments; but when mixed with tints, its role is to bond the new color molecule inside the hair. (thehairstyler.com)

Bleached base = پایه دکلره شده

Partially bleach = بخشي از آن بي رنگ شده

Pre bleached hair = مویی که قبلاً دکلره شده

bleaching your hair = دکلره کردن موها

Bleach, decoloration = دکلره، بلیچ، بی رنگ کردن

color developer, Bleach Activator = اکسیدان

I would like to get my hair bleached = در آرایشگاه: لطفا موهای من را دکلره کنید

blow-dryer = سشوار

Camphor = کافور، نوعی رزین معطر که در پزشکی و عطرسازی کاربرد دارد.

CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA — Ho Wood Oil. Essential oil, of- ten used as a fragrance. Also known as white camphor. CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA BARK OIL — Camphor Oil. Tonic and freshener used in small amounts in lotions and creams for its cooling and soothing effects. Has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

Camphor Oil – Cinnamomum camphora Canadian Willowherb – Epilobium angustifolium Canola Oil, Turnip Oil – Brassica campestris Cardamom Oil – Elettaria cardamomum Carnauba Wax – Copernicia cerifera Carrageenan, Irish Moss – Chondrus crispus Carrot Oil – Daucus carota sativa (INCI dictionary)

Ho Wood Oil – Cinnamomum camphora Honeysuckle – Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera japonica Hops – Humulus lupulus (INCI dictionary)

Oud/Agarwood: Made from the resin of the Aquilaria tree, which it emits when it’s attacked by pathogens, oud has an animalic, earthy, woody, tobacco, sometimes camphory quality that is complex and dark. Most scents featuring oud use a synthetic version, because the real stuff is understandably expensive to harvest. Regardless, its popularity doesn’t seem to be waning. L’Artisan Al Oudh and Christian Dior Leather Oud are incredibly animalic iterations, and a more romantic “feminine” version is in Kilian Rose Oud. (intothegloss.com)

CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA = روغن چوب هو

CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA — Ho Wood Oil. Essential oil, of- ten used as a fragrance. Also known as white camphor. CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA BARK OIL — Camphor Oil. Tonic and freshener used in small amounts in lotions and creams for its cooling and soothing effects. Has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

Camphor Oil – Cinnamomum camphora Canadian Willowherb – Epilobium angustifolium Canola Oil, Turnip Oil – Brassica campestris Cardamom Oil – Elettaria cardamomum Carnauba Wax – Copernicia cerifera Carrageenan, Irish Moss – Chondrus crispus Carrot Oil – Daucus carota sativa (INCI dictionary)

Ho Wood Oil – Cinnamomum camphora Honeysuckle – Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera japonica Hops – Humulus lupulus (INCI dictionary)

Camphor tree, Cinnamonum camphora = کافور، کامفور

skin cancer = سرطان پوست

noncancerous = غیرسرطانی 

Breast cancer = سرطان پستان 

Cancer signal = علامت سرطان

carcinoma, cancer = سرطان

vitamin A is an antioxidant that helps to prevent skin cancer = ویتامین A آنتی اکسیدانی است که جلوی سرطان پوست را می گیرد

carcinoma, a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs = كارسینوما، سرطانی كه در بافت اپیتلیال پوست یا در پوشش داخلی اندامهای بدن ایجاد می شود.

chypre = شیپره

Accord: In the same way you hold down several notes in music to create a chord that has a unique sound, in perfume, an accord is a scent made up of several perfume notes, or ingredients, that blend together to form a distinct fragrance. For example, the classic accord in the chypre perfume category is bergamot, labdanum, and oakmoss. (intothegloss.com)

Chypre: The French word for the Greek island of Cyprus. Its classic accord features a citrus top note, such as bergamot, contrasting with a mossy base of, most importantly, oakmoss. The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) is considering banning or severely limiting the use of oakmoss and tree mosses in scents due to their alleged allergenic properties, which has perfume lovers up in arms. Christian Dior Diorella is a chypre. (intothegloss.com)

Oakmoss : A type of lichen that grows on oak trees that is crucial in chypre fragrances. Earthy, woodsy, and, of course, mossy, in scent. See: aforementioned potential banning. (intothegloss.com)

CHYPRE: A fragrance family or type – a complex of moss mixed with woods, flowers or fruit odors. (fragrance.org)

CHYPRE, A fragrance family or type – a complex of moss mixed with woods, flowers or fruit odors. = شیپره: خانواده عطریات مجموعه ای از خزه، بوهای چوب، گلها و بوهای میوه ای

clips = کلیپس، گیره مو

closure = محوطه

cologne = ادکلن

NATURAL FLOWER OIL — Oil extracted from flowers and used in synthetic-free perfumes and colognes. A natural fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

PIMENTA ACRIS, PIMENTA RACEMOSA — Bay Rum. Essential oil native to the West Indies. A tonic for skin and scalp, widely used in men’s colognes and aftershaves for its fresh, spicy scent. (See also Pimenta officinalis.) (INCI dictionary)

Concentration: There are four major concentrations of fragrance you can buy. They reflect not only the longevity of fragrance, but also its ingredients and qualities. From the least concentrated (smaller perfume oil ratio in relation to alcohol) to highest: Eau de Cologne, with around 2–5 % perfume oils; Eau de Toilette, with around 5–20% perfume oils; Eau de Parfum, with around 10–30% perfume oils; and Extrait or Extract, at around 20—40% concentration. (intothegloss.com)

CITRUS: Odors from citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, lime, mandarin and bergamot which give fresh, fruity top notes used especially in eau fraiche, classical and men’s colognes. (fragrance.org)

COLOGNE (MEN'S): Unlike women’s colognes, it is similar to the concentration of eau de toilette and in some instances perfume. (fragrance.org)

EAU DE COLOGNE: Contains the lowest concentration of 2-4% base. It’s light, refreshing and can be applied often. (fragrance.org)

FACTICE: Oversize perfume or cologne bottles filled with a tinted liquid for display purposes. (fragrance.org)

LIGHT: A generally non-sweet, non-cloying fragrance where the fresh note is predominant. Often formulated as an eau fraiche or deodorant cologne for all-over body wear in warm climates or for sports. (fragrance.org)

NEROLI OIL: Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. (fragrance.org)

colognes = کلن

NATURAL FLOWER OIL — Oil extracted from flowers and used in synthetic-free perfumes and colognes. A natural fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

PIMENTA ACRIS, PIMENTA RACEMOSA — Bay Rum. Essential oil native to the West Indies. A tonic for skin and scalp, widely used in men’s colognes and aftershaves for its fresh, spicy scent. (See also Pimenta officinalis.) (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS: Odors from citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, lime, mandarin and bergamot which give fresh, fruity top notes used especially in eau fraiche, classical and men’s colognes. (fragrance.org)

COLOGNE (MEN'S): Unlike women’s colognes, it is similar to the concentration of eau de toilette and in some instances perfume. (fragrance.org)

eau de cologne = ادو کلن

Concentration: There are four major concentrations of fragrance you can buy. They reflect not only the longevity of fragrance, but also its ingredients and qualities. From the least concentrated (smaller perfume oil ratio in relation to alcohol) to highest: Eau de Cologne, with around 2–5 % perfume oils; Eau de Toilette, with around 5–20% perfume oils; Eau de Parfum, with around 10–30% perfume oils; and Extrait or Extract, at around 20—40% concentration. (intothegloss.com)

EAU DE COLOGNE: Contains the lowest concentration of 2-4% base. It’s light, refreshing and can be applied often. (fragrance.org)

NEROLI OIL: Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. (fragrance.org)

FACTICE, Oversize perfume or cologne bottles filled with a tinted liquid for display purposes. = بطری عطری كه در اندازه بزرگ ساخته شده و معمولاً با مایعی رنگی پر می شود تا فقط در معرض نمایش قرار داده شود. ماكت های بزرگ عطر ك در ویترین ها می چینند.

EAU DE COLOGNE, Contains the lowest concentration of 2-4% base. It’s light, refreshing and can be applied often. = ادوكلن دارای كمترین غلظت یعنی 2 تا 4 درصد اسانس پایه است. ادوكلن ها ملایم و طراوت بخش هستند و می توانند به دفعات استفاده شوند.

COLOGNE (MEN'S), Unlike women’s colognes, it is similar to the concentration of eau de toilette and in some instances perfume. = بر خلاف كلون های زنانه، كلون های مردانه غلظتی شبیه اُدو توالت دارند.

CITRUS, Odors from citrus fruits such as orange, lemon, lime, mandarin and bergamot which give fresh, fruity top notes used especially in eau fraiche, classical and men’s colognes. = سیتروس: بوهایی كه از میوه های مركبات مثل پرتقال، لیمو، لیموترش، ماندارین و برگاموت بدست می آید و رایحه فوقانی تازه و میوه ای دارد. در ادكلن های كلاسیك مردانه استفاده می شود.

NEROLI OIL, Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. = روغن نرولی: روغنی كه از شكوفه معطر پرتقال تلخ به دست می آید.

delivery = رسانش، رهایش

CAPRYLIC / CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE — Lightweight emollient derived from glycerin and coconut oil that helps suppor t the skin’s moisture barrier. A superb conditioning agent, it adds to the spreadability of creams and lotions and helps promote the delivery of vitamins and other beneficial ingredients onto the skin. (INCI dictionary)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS (LIPOSOMES) — Fatty substances that are im- por tant constituents of cell membranes. Plant phospholipids are similar to human phospholipids and are readily absorbed into the skin. Phospholipids obtained from soybean oil in the form of leci- thin are used to make liposomes, which act as delivery agents for vitamins and humectants. (See also Liposomes.) (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM LAUROYL LACTYLATE — The sodium salt of lactic acid, a food-grade emulsifier and mild surfactant, used as a foam- ing and cleansing agent and to give the hair a soft, silky texture. The emulsifier of choice for natural products, it offers excellent moisturizing proper ties and leaves a smooth feel after application. It penetrates the top layer of skin to offer residual moisturization, extended fragrance release and enhanced delivery of actives. (INCI dictionary)

ARGININE: An amino acid that binds to the pure glycolic acid molecule. Once bonded, it allows for controlled delivery of glycolic acid into the skin over a prolonged period of time thus reducing irritation that usually accompanies AHA use. Promotes collagen synthesis and increases skin elasticity. (cellularskinrx.com)

delivery system = سامانه رسانش

dilation = اتساع

vasodilation = اتساع مویرگ ها و عروق خونی که باعث کاهش فشار خون می شود

excessive dilation = گشاد شدن بیش از حد مویرگ ها

dilation of the orifice = باز شدن منافذ پوست صورت

earthy = زمینی

Ambergris: A highly prized base note rarely used in non-synthetic form because of its rarity and cost. Why is it so expensive? Because of its origins: The sperm whale eats cuttlefish, whose bones are indigestible and painful to its stomach lining. As a result, it secretes a substance that surrounds the bones. This mass gets excreted, most likely from the whale’s back end. It then floats around in the water, ages, gets oxidized by the sun, and turns into the substance that washes ashore until it’s found by some lucky bastard who can sell it for more per ounce than gold. Ambergris smells earthy, sweet, tobacco-like, and provides a roundness and depth to perfumes. Christian Dior Dioressence perfume was said to have been inspired by perfumer Guy Robert’s encounter with both real ambergris and a knock-off Miss Dior soap. (intothegloss.com)

Oakmoss : A type of lichen that grows on oak trees that is crucial in chypre fragrances. Earthy, woodsy, and, of course, mossy, in scent. See: aforementioned potential banning. (intothegloss.com)

Orris: The “butter” from the dried roots of the iris flower, orris is a prized and expensive perfume ingredient that creates a rich, earthy, carroty, powdery effect in fragrances. In Balenciaga Le Dix, and showcased and highlighted in Serge Lutens’ haunting Iris Silver Mist. (intothegloss.com)

Oud/Agarwood: Made from the resin of the Aquilaria tree, which it emits when it’s attacked by pathogens, oud has an animalic, earthy, woody, tobacco, sometimes camphory quality that is complex and dark. Most scents featuring oud use a synthetic version, because the real stuff is understandably expensive to harvest. Regardless, its popularity doesn’t seem to be waning. L’Artisan Al Oudh and Christian Dior Leather Oud are incredibly animalic iterations, and a more romantic “feminine” version is in Kilian Rose Oud. (intothegloss.com)

Vetiver: An essential oil steam-distilled from the roots of a tall grass native to India—though Haiti is now its largest producer. It has an earthy, peppery, lemony, dusty scent that has been used extensively in perfumery. Guerlain Vetiver and Hové Parfumerie Vetivert are two great examples of this important perfume note. (intothegloss.com)

EARTHY: The provocative odor of freshly turned earth, musty and rooty. (fragrance.org)

EARTHY, The provocative odor of freshly turned earth, musty and rooty. = خاكی یا زمینی: روایج انگیزنده یا تحریك كننده برخاسته از خاك تازه شخم زده شده، نم دار و ریشه دار. یعنی ریشه گیاه هنوز در آن وجود دارد.

Ebony = آبنوس

Eccrine = اکرین

eczema = اگزما، اکزما، بیماری یا عارضه پوستی که با علائمی مثل التهاب، سوزش پوست، ترک های پوستی و زبری پوست ظاهر می شود. شایع ترین نوع اگزما، درماتیت آتوپیک است.

ANDIRA ARAROBA — Goa Herb, Chrysarobin. A natural astringent, its chemical affinity to the keratin elements of the skin makes this herb an excellent treatment for acne, eczema and other skin conditions. A calming agent for itching, flaking or irritated skin. (INCI dictionary)

OENOTHERA BIENNIS — Evening Primrose Oil. Superb emol- lient and skin nutrient, high in essential fatty acids. A source of rare gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), also found in human breast milk. Ex- tremely beneficial in the treatment of eczema and other dry skin and scalp conditions. (INCI dictionary)

TRITICUM AESTIVUM — Wheatgrass. Anti-inflammatory used in the treatment of eczema and dermatitis. An ingredient in many preparations for problem skin, and in shampoos and hair condition- ers. Contains plant sterols. (INCI dictionary)

Arachidonic Acid: A liquid unsaturated fatty acid that is found in liver, brain, glands, and fat of animals and humans. Generally isolated from animal liver. Used in companion animal food for nutrition and in skin creams and lotions to soothe eczema and rashes. Alternatives: synthetics, aloe vera, tea tree oil, calendula ointment. (peta.org)

Tallow Tallow Fatty Alcohol Stearic Acid: Rendered beef fat. May cause eczema and blackheads. In wax paper, crayons, margarines, paints, rubber, lubricants, etc. In candles, soaps, lipsticks, shaving creams, other cosmetics. Chemicals (e.g., PCB) can be in animal tallow. Derivatives: Sodium Tallowate, Tallow Acid, Tallow Amide, Tallow Amine, Talloweth-6, Tallow Glycerides, Tallow Imidazoline. Alternatives: vegetable tallow, Japan tallow, paraffin, ceresin (see alternatives to Beeswax). Paraffin is usually from petroleum, wood, coal, or shale oil. (peta.org)

eczematous = اگزمایی

eczema lesions = ضایعه های اگزمایی

Weeping eczema = نوعی اگزما که مشخصه آن تاول های پر از مایع است

eczema treatment = اقدامات درمانی که برای بهبود و کاهش علائم اگزما انجام می شود

eczema prone skin = پوست مستعد اگزما

Eczema is not contagious = اگزما واگیردار نیست

eczema skin inflammation = التهاب اگزمایی پوست

Housewives' hand eczema = اگزمای دست، اگزمای خانم های خانه دار

eczema is a skin inflammation = اکزما یک نوع التهاب پوستی است

psoriasis can look like eczema = علائم پسوریازیس می تواند شبیه اگزما باشد (بنابراین تشخیص ان سخت است)

atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema = درماتیت آتوپیک یا اگزمای آتوپیک

relieves the symptoms of eczema and dermatitis = علائم اگزما و درماتیت را تسکین می دهد

Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema = درماتیت آتوپیک شایع ترین نوع اگزما است

Symptom of: eczema and rosacea,infections like scarlet fever andshingles, temperature exposure,stress = علائم بیماری هایی مثل: اگزما و روزاسه، عفونت هایی مانند مخملک و زونا، قرار گرفتن در معرض دما، استرس

engineer = مهندس

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

RUBIXYL®: This engineered peptide signals skin cells to make more keratin and ceramides. It restores seven key epidermal proteins to normal levels helping to counter the glycation process that causes epidermal protein bonding to become disorganized. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

eruption = فوران، بیرون زدن

evaporation = تبخیر

EVAPORATION: The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor. (fragrance.org)

evaporation of sweat = تبخیر عرق

EVAPORATION, The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor. = تبخیر: فرایند تغییر فاز از مایع به بخار

Expression = اسانس گیری با روش فشردن

ESSENTIAL OILS — Volatile liquids extracted from plant materials by steam distillation or expression, which contain the characteristic plant aroma. Unlike fixed plant oils (such as olive oil), essential oils evaporate at room temperature and do not leave an oily residue on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

MYOXINOL: Line-relaxing Myoxinol™, a low molecular weight Oligopeptide from Okra Hibiscus addresses both mechanical and biological factors of aging. Microtension lines caused by repeated facial expressions, gravity, or simply age are safely and effectively relaxed in minutes. (cellularskinrx.com)

TRIPEPTIDE: Tripeptide has been developed as an efficient smoothing and anti-wrinkle small peptide particularly effective against expression lines by relaxing facial muscles. This active tripeptide acts in a manner similar to Walglerin 1. Acting at the post-synaptic membrane, Tripeptide is a reverible antagonist of the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (mnAChR). Tripeptide binds to the receptor; consequently it remains closed. In the closed state, sodium ions (Na+) are not released and the muscles stay relaxed. Clinical trials have shown that Tripeptide is capable of reducing expression lines/wrinkles by inhibiting muscle contractions. Used in SuperMax MultiPeptide Skin Solution Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

ARGIRELINE® peptide solution is the first anti-wrinkle hexapeptide with a Botulinum Toxin-like mechanism of action. It reduces the depth of the wrinkles on the face caused by the contraction of muscles of facial expression, especially in the forehead and around the eyes. ()

EXPRESSION: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner. (fragrance.org)

gene expression = بیان ژن

facial micro-expressions = حرکات ظریف چهره

Interleurkin-8 (IL-8) expression = تولید اینترلوکین هشت

EXPRESSION, Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner. = فشردن یا افشردن یا متراكم سازی: یكی از روشهای بدست آوردن اسانس روغنی گیاهان است كه در آن ماده اولیه چلانده یا متراكم می شود تا روغن آن خارج شود. در میان روغنهای معطر فقط پوست میوه مركبات با این روش اسانسشان استخراج می شود.

Theatrical blood, stage blood, fake blood, FX blood = خون سینمایی، خون مصنوعی

fermentation = تخمیر، فرمانتاسیون

LEUCONOSTOC / RADISH ROOT FERMENT FILTRATE — A natural antimicrobial, obtained from the fermentation of radish roots. (INCI dictionary)

Lactic Acid: Typically derived from plants such as beets. When animal-derived, found in blood and muscle tissue. Also in sour milk, beer, sauerkraut, pickles, and other food products made by bacterial fermentation. Used in skin fresheners, as a preservative, in the formation of plasticizers, etc. Alternatives: plant milk sugars, synthetics. (peta.org)

Figs, Ficus carica = انجیر

French Tarragon, Artemisia dracunculus = ترخون

fungal = قارچی

LEPTOSPERMUM SCOPARIUM — Manuka Oil. Analgesic, anti- fungal and antibacterial. Used by New Zealand’s Maori people for its medicinal proper ties, this herbal oil has five times the antiseptic proper ties of tea tree oil and has a pleasant, honey-like fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

POTASSIUM SORBATE — The potassium salt of sorbic acid, a natural compound isolated from the oil of the rowan or mountain ash berry. A mild preservative used in foods, herbal supplements and cosmetics for its anti-microbial and anti-fungal proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM BENZOATE — A salt of benzoic acid, found naturally in cranberries, apples, plums and other fruits, and in cinnamon and ripe clove. Used in foods and cosmetic products as a mild preservative for its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. (INCI dictionary)

FUNGAL: Odors suggestive of molds, mushrooms and fungi; important note in muguet fragrances as well as other florals. (fragrance.org)

antifungal = ضد قارچ

CITRUS AURANTIUM DULCIS — Sweet Orange Oil, Peel. Essential oil expressed from the peel of sweet oranges (Navel, Jaffa, Valencia). An anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal used for its refreshing proper ties and pleasant scent. Contains flavonoids and vitamins A, B, C and E. (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS GRANDIS — Grapefruit Oil. An essential oil extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in creams and lotions for its astrin- gent and skin-freshening proper ties. Sometimes used as a fragrance. CITRUS GRANDIS EXTRACT — Grapefruit Extract. Shown tohave antifungal, antimicrobial and antiviral proper ties. Combined with antioxidant vitamins, it makes an effective plant-based preservative. (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS SINENSIS OIL — Sweet Orange Oil. Essential oil ex- pressed from the peel of sweet oranges (Navel, Jaffa, Valencia). An anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal used for its refreshing proper ties and pleasant scent. Contains flavonoids and vitamins A, B, C and E. (INCI dictionary)

CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS — Lemongrass. Antimicrobial and antifungal often used as a fragrance. Has antioxidant proper ties. An excellent normalizer for oily skin. (INCI dictionary)

DEHYDROACETIC ACID — An organic compound used in cos- metic preparations for its antibacterial and antifungal proper ties. A natural preservative. (INCI dictionary)

ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, ECHINACEA PURPUREA — Echinacea, Coneflower. Two varieties of this versatile herb are used both internally and externally in folk medicine as natural antibiotics to treat a variety of ills. A number of studies have pointed to its antibacterial and antifungal proper ties. Its root extract is used in cell therapy and anti-wrinkle creams as a hydrator and firming agent. (INCI dictionary)

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS — Eucalyptus Oil. Essential oil with powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Used in cleansers, massage formulations and bath soaks for its cooling, soothing effect on the skin. Herbalists recommend a few drops of the oil in a hot bath to open up blocked sinuses and help clear a stuffy nose. (INCI dictionary)

HEDERA HELIX — Ivy. Antifungal often found in massage lotions and anticellulite preparations for its skin-toning and firming prop- er ties. Contains malic acid, a natural fruit acid that encourages skin cell turnover. (See also Fruit Acids.) Also used in shampoos and hair products for dandruff and other scalp problems. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary)

ORIGANUM VULGARE — Oregano Oil. Powerful antifungal and healing agent. Chinese herbalists have used it for generations to soothe rashes and other skin irritations and relieve itching. (INCI dictionary)

PAEONIA LACTIFLORA — Peony Herb, Root. Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory used in acne preparations and in toothpastes and other oral hygiene products to promote healthy teeth and gums. (INCI dictionary)

anti fungal = ضد قارچ، آنتی فونگال

fungal flora = گونه های قارچی

high anti-fungal properties = ویژگی ضدقارچی قدرتمند

FUNGAL, Odors suggestive of molds, mushrooms and fungi; important note in muguet fragrances as well as other florals. = فانگال: عطرهایی كه بوی قارچ و كپك دارند. نوت حائز اهمیت در عطرهای موگه

grapeseed oil = روغن هسته انگور

Grapes, Vitis vinifera = انگور، عنب

hair curliness = تجعد موها

hair dryer = شسوار

hair dryers = خشک کننده مو، مو خشک کن، سشوار

heavy = سنگین

heavy makeup = آرایش غلیظ

heavy metals = فلزات سنگین

infection = عفونت

Eye infection = عفونت چشمی

skin infections = عفونت پوستی

fungus infections = عفونت قارچی

Symptom of: eczema and rosacea,infections like scarlet fever andshingles, temperature exposure,stress = علائم بیماری هایی مثل: اگزما و روزاسه، عفونت هایی مانند مخملک و زونا، قرار گرفتن در معرض دما، استرس

lauryl = لوریل

DETERGENTS — cleansing agents that are chemically different from soaps, but resemble them in the ability to emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension. Detergents can vary widely in composition. Though some can be plant-based, most are processed with petroleum derivatives or are synthetic. Examples: sodium lauryl/ laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA, cocamidopropyl betaine. (INCI dictionary) 

COCOS NUCIFERA OIL — Coconut Oil. Rich emollient exressed from coconuts. It is naturally converted into a soap through a saponification reaction with an alkaline salt. Beware of cosmetics that bill themselves as natural and use a synthetically processed derivative, sodium lauryl sulfate, claiming it comes from coconut oil. Accept nothing but the real thing in its natural form. (INCI dictionary) 

LAURYL GLUCOSIDE — A surfactant and foaming agent naturally derived from coconut/beet sugar. It has excellent lathering capabilities and conditioning properties, and is very gentle on the hair and skin. It can be used alongside other glucosides to enhance the foam and increase the conditioning action of a product. Because it is a non-irritant, it is often used in preparations for sensitive skin and scalp. (INCI dictionary)

Cinchona Succirubra Bark Extract (Quinquina), Sodium Laureth Sulfate (Dérivé D'huile De Coco), Water / Aqua (Eau Purifiée), Cocamidopropyl Betaine (Dérivé D'huile De Coco), Lauryl Glucoside, Peg-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmate, Peg-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein Pg-Propyl Silanetriol (Dérivé De Blé), Fragrance / Parfum, Panthenol (Provitamine B5), Propylene Glycol, Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Pyridoxine Hcl, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract (Procyanidols De Raisin), Phenoxyethanol, Parabens (Ethyl, Butyl), Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone, Citric Acid, Tetrasodium Edta, Sodium Chloride. (Phytocyan shampoo ingredients)

lauryl alcohol = لوریل الکل، الکل چرب با شاخه آلکیل 12 کربنه

Lauryl sulfate = لوریل سولفات

COCOS NUCIFERA OIL — Coconut Oil. Rich emollient exressed from coconuts. It is naturally converted into a soap through a saponification reaction with an alkaline salt. Beware of cosmetics that bill themselves as natural and use a synthetically processed derivative, sodium lauryl sulfate, claiming it comes from coconut oil. Accept nothing but the real thing in its natural form. (INCI dictionary) 

sodium lauryl sulfate = سدیم لوریل سولفات

COCOS NUCIFERA OIL — Coconut Oil. Rich emollient exressed from coconuts. It is naturally converted into a soap through a saponification reaction with an alkaline salt. Beware of cosmetics that bill themselves as natural and use a synthetically processed derivative, sodium lauryl sulfate, claiming it comes from coconut oil. Accept nothing but the real thing in its natural form. (INCI dictionary) 

Laureth = lauryl ether = لورت = لوریل اتر

Sodium lauryl sulphate = سديم لوريل سولفات

Lierac = لیراک

lip liner = خط لب

Lipstick = رژ لب

RICINUS COMMUNIS — Castor Seed Oil. Humectant and skin soother, often added to lipsticks, glosses and other cosmetic prod- ucts to improve their texture. (INCI dictionary)

THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTER — Cocoa Butter. The solid fat extracted from the seeds of the cacao plant.A rich emollient used in lipsticks, creams, soaps and sun care products for its moistur- izing and soothing proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

Sable Brushes: From the fur of sables (weasel-like mammals). Used to make eye makeup, lipstick, and artists’ brushes. Alternatives: synthetic fibers. (peta.org)

Wax: Glossy, hard substance that is soft when hot. From animals and plants. In lipsticks, depilatories, hair straighteners. Alternatives: vegetable waxes. (peta.org)

Fatty Acids: Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such as caprylic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap, detergents, cosmetics, food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy lecithin, safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Oleic Acid: Obtained from various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Usually obtained commercially from inedible tallow. (See Tallow.) In foods, soft soap, bar soap, permanent wave solutions, creams, nail polish, lipsticks, many other skin preparations. Derivatives: Oleyl Oleate, Oleyl Stearate. Alternatives: coconut oil. (See alternatives to Animal Fats and Oils.) (peta.org)

Lecithin Choline Bitartrate: Waxy substance in nervous tissue of all living organisms. But frequently obtained for commercial purposes from eggs and soybeans. Also from nerve tissue, blood, milk, corn. Choline bitartrate, the basic constituent of lecithin, is in many animal and plant tissues and prepared synthetically. Lecithin can be in eye creams, lipsticks, liquid powders, hand creams, lotions, soaps, shampoos, other cosmetics, and some medicines. Alternatives: soybean lecithin, synthetics. (peta.org)

Tallow Tallow Fatty Alcohol Stearic Acid: Rendered beef fat. May cause eczema and blackheads. In wax paper, crayons, margarines, paints, rubber, lubricants, etc. In candles, soaps, lipsticks, shaving creams, other cosmetics. Chemicals (e.g., PCB) can be in animal tallow. Derivatives: Sodium Tallowate, Tallow Acid, Tallow Amide, Tallow Amine, Talloweth-6, Tallow Glycerides, Tallow Imidazoline. Alternatives: vegetable tallow, Japan tallow, paraffin, ceresin (see alternatives to Beeswax). Paraffin is usually from petroleum, wood, coal, or shale oil. (peta.org)

Beeswax Honeycomb: Wax obtained from melting honeycomb with boiling water, straining it, and cooling it. From virgin bees. Very cheap and widely used. May be harmful to the skin. In lipsticks and many other cosmetics, especially face creams, lotions, mascara, eye creams and shadows, face makeup, nail whiteners, lip balms, etc. Derivatives: Cera Flava. Alternatives: paraffin, vegetable oils and fats, ceresin (aka ceresine, earth wax; made from the mineral ozokerite; replaces beeswax in cosmetics; also used to wax paper, to make polishing cloths, in dentistry for taking wax impressions, and in candle-making), carnauba wax (from the Brazilian palm tree; used in many cosmetics, including lipstick; rarely causes allergic reactions), candelilla wax (from candelilla plants; used in many cosmetics, including lipstick; also in the manufacture of rubber and phonograph records, in waterproofing and writing inks; no known toxicity), Japan wax (vegetable wax, Japan tallow; fat from the fruit of a tree grown in Japan and China). (peta.org)

lipsticks and lip glosses = رژ لب ها و برق لب ها

madder = بومادران

Madder, Rubia tinctorum = روناس

heavy makeup = آرایش غلیظ

Makeup Sticks = قلم های آرایشی

Makeup remover = پاک کننده آرایش

makeup removers = آرایش پاک کن ها

makeup, make-up = آرایش، گریم، میکاپ، محصولات آرایشی که معمولا به منظور افزایش زیبایی و گاهی به منظور گریم استفاده می شوند

Long-wear makeup = آرایش با دوام

theatrical makeup = گریم سینمایی، مواد آرایشی که برای گریم هنرپیشه ها استفاده می شود

under makeup cream = کرم زیرسازی آرایش

Eye makeup removers = پاک کننده های مواد آرایشی دور چشم

powdery makeup products = مواد آرایشی پودری

rinsed, washed with clean water to remove soap, makeup, dirt, or impurities = آبکشی با آب، شستن با آب تمیز به منظور زدودن صابون، آرایش و آلودگی ها

Cleansers are formulated to cleanse the surface of the skin and remove makeup and oil = کلنزرها برای تمیزکردن سطح پوست و زدودن آرایش و روغن فرموله شده اند

Massage = ماساژ

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM — Horse Chestnut. Anti- inflammatory, anti-irritant and mild astringent that helps stimulate circulation to the skin. Often found in massage lotions, and in products for sensitive skin for its sedative properties. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary) 

ARACHIS HYPOGAEA — Peanut Oil. Superb emollient often used in natural massage oils and soaps. (INCI dictionary)

ARNICA MONTANA — Arnica Oil. Herbal extract used in hair tonics and massage preparations for its nourishing and anti-inflammatory proper ties. Combined with vitamin E, it is an excellent natural deodorant. (INCI dictionary)

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cayenne Pepper Extract. Its active ingredient, capsaicin (the chemical responsible for making peppers hot) is a powerful analgesic that works by blocking the activity of substance P, responsible for the transmission of pain impulses in the body. An excellent anti-inflammatory and warming agent, used in massage lotions and liniments to soothe tight, overworked muscles and tension. (INCI dictionary)

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS — Eucalyptus Oil. Essential oil with powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Used in cleansers, massage formulations and bath soaks for its cooling, soothing effect on the skin. Herbalists recommend a few drops of the oil in a hot bath to open up blocked sinuses and help clear a stuffy nose. (INCI dictionary)

FUCUS VESICULOSUS EXTRACT — Bladderwrack. Seaweed rich in alginic acid, amino acids, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Its essential oil is a stimulant and tonic. It is often used in massage lotions and some hair and scalp care products. (INCI dictionary)

HEDERA HELIX — Ivy. Antifungal often found in massage lotions and anticellulite preparations for its skin-toning and firming prop- er ties. Contains malic acid, a natural fruit acid that encourages skin cell turnover. (See also Fruit Acids.) Also used in shampoos and hair products for dandruff and other scalp problems. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary)

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS — Sunflower Oil. The extract from sunflower seeds, a rich emollient high in linoleic and oleic essential fatty acids. A good base for massage oils and lotions. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS SYLVESTRIS OIL — Pine Needle Oil. Aromatic oil with antimicrobial and tonic proper ties. An excellent addition to facial cleansers and natural deodorants, and to massage oils for its warm- ing effect on the skin. Often used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

PIPER METHYSTICUM — Kava Kava. Mild sedative and analge- sic used in the South Pacific as an aid in meditation. Taken internal- ly, it helps relieve anxiety and stress. Applied to the skin, kava kava soothes and relaxes overworked muscles and tension. An excellent ingredient for massage lotions and bath oils. (INCI dictionary)

AROMATHERAPY: The use of volatile plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. The therapeutic use of pure essential oils and herbs in body massage,which is described by proponents as “healing, beautifying and soothing” the body and mind.The history of aromatherapy stretches as far back as 6,000 years ago in ancient Egypt. It wasn’t until the 1920’s,  however, when the term was actually coined by a  French chemist, R.M. Gattefosse. (fragrance.org)

Massage = ماساژ دهید

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM — Horse Chestnut. Anti- inflammatory, anti-irritant and mild astringent that helps stimulate circulation to the skin. Often found in massage lotions, and in products for sensitive skin for its sedative properties. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary) 

ARACHIS HYPOGAEA — Peanut Oil. Superb emollient often used in natural massage oils and soaps. (INCI dictionary)

ARNICA MONTANA — Arnica Oil. Herbal extract used in hair tonics and massage preparations for its nourishing and anti-inflammatory proper ties. Combined with vitamin E, it is an excellent natural deodorant. (INCI dictionary)

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cayenne Pepper Extract. Its active ingredient, capsaicin (the chemical responsible for making peppers hot) is a powerful analgesic that works by blocking the activity of substance P, responsible for the transmission of pain impulses in the body. An excellent anti-inflammatory and warming agent, used in massage lotions and liniments to soothe tight, overworked muscles and tension. (INCI dictionary)

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS — Eucalyptus Oil. Essential oil with powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Used in cleansers, massage formulations and bath soaks for its cooling, soothing effect on the skin. Herbalists recommend a few drops of the oil in a hot bath to open up blocked sinuses and help clear a stuffy nose. (INCI dictionary)

FUCUS VESICULOSUS EXTRACT — Bladderwrack. Seaweed rich in alginic acid, amino acids, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Its essential oil is a stimulant and tonic. It is often used in massage lotions and some hair and scalp care products. (INCI dictionary)

HEDERA HELIX — Ivy. Antifungal often found in massage lotions and anticellulite preparations for its skin-toning and firming prop- er ties. Contains malic acid, a natural fruit acid that encourages skin cell turnover. (See also Fruit Acids.) Also used in shampoos and hair products for dandruff and other scalp problems. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary)

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS — Sunflower Oil. The extract from sunflower seeds, a rich emollient high in linoleic and oleic essential fatty acids. A good base for massage oils and lotions. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS SYLVESTRIS OIL — Pine Needle Oil. Aromatic oil with antimicrobial and tonic proper ties. An excellent addition to facial cleansers and natural deodorants, and to massage oils for its warm- ing effect on the skin. Often used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

PIPER METHYSTICUM — Kava Kava. Mild sedative and analge- sic used in the South Pacific as an aid in meditation. Taken internal- ly, it helps relieve anxiety and stress. Applied to the skin, kava kava soothes and relaxes overworked muscles and tension. An excellent ingredient for massage lotions and bath oils. (INCI dictionary)

massage cream = کرم ماساژ

massage creams = کرم های ماساژ

massage medium = مدیوم ماساژ، ماده ای که برای ایجاد لغزنده گی پوست در هنگام ماساژ استفاده می شود

Massage (into skin) = روی پوست ماساژ دهید

Gently (massage, pat, …) = به آرامی (ماساژ دهید، ضربه بزنید)

full body massage and caviar mask = ماساژ تمام بدن و ماسک خاویار

basic facial massage manipulations = حرکات اصلی ماساژ صورت با دست

massage gently into skin until fully absorbed = با ملایمت روی پوست ماساژ دهید تا به طور کامل جذب شود

Gently massage using your fingertips or a soft-bristled brush = با استفاده از نوک انگشتان یا با یک برس با پرزهای نرم به آرامی ماساژ دهید

massage is a relaxing way to introduce essential oils to the body = ماساژ یک روش آرامش بخش برای وارد کردن اسانس روغنی به داخل بدن است

oil gland could be stimulated with massage and electrical impulses = غدد چربی ممکن است در اثر ماساژ یا جریان الکتریکی تحریک شود

Work a small amount of gel into a foamy lather and massage onto face with a gentle, circular motion = مقدار کمی از ژل را به صورت کف کرده با حرکات دایره ای ملایم روی صورت ماساژ دهید.

Work a small amount of gel into a foamy lather and massage onto face with a gentle, circular motion. = مقدار کمی از ژل را به صورت کف درآورده و با حرکات دایره ای ملایم روی صورت ماساژ دهید.

AROMATHERAPY, The use of volatile plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. The therapeutic use of pure essential oils and herbs in body massage,which is described by proponents as “healing, beautifying and soothing” the body and mind.The history of aromatherapy stretches as far back as 6,000 years ago in ancient Egypt. It wasn’t until the 1920’s, however, when the term was actually coined by a French chemist, R.M. Gattefosse. = آروماتراپی، استفاده از روغن‌های گیاهی شامل اسانس‌های روغنی برای سلامت فیزیكی و فیزیولوژیكی. استفاده درمانی از اسانس‌های روغنی خالص و گیاهان در ماساژ بدن، شفابخش، زیباكننده و التیام‌بخش برای بدن و ذهن می‌باشد. تاریخچه آروماتراپی به 6 هزار سال پیش به مصر باستان برمی‌گردد. در سال 1920 این واژه توسط یك شیمیدان فرانسوی به نام گَته فوزه ابداع شد.

Medulla = مغز مو، مدولا، درونی ترین لایه مو

Medulla: The medulla is the hollow canal that appears in the very center of the hair shaft. It is not known to serve any specific purpose re. the hair's overall strength or appearance. (thehairstyler.com)

menthol = منتول

MENTHOL — See Mentha piperita. (INCI dictionary)

Menthol, Peppermint Oil – Mentha Piperita Milk Protein – Lactoperoxidase, Lactalbumin Milk Thistle – Silybum marianum (INCI dictionary)

spearmint = نعناع معمولي

peppermint = نعناع فلفلي

Calamint, Calamintha nepeta = نعناع زیبا

mixture = مخلوط، آمیزه

CETEARYL ALCOHOL — A mixture of fatty alcohols. Helps stabilize the emulsion in products and has an emollient effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

PALM ACID, PALM KERNEL ACID — A mixture of fatty acids derived from palm kernel oil. See also Elaeis guineensis. (INCI dictionary)

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is produced by Clostridium botulinum as a complex mixture of neurotoxic polypeptides and non-toxic protein components. Seven different serotypes of neurotoxins have been identified- A,B,C,D,E,F and G. Synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide of ~150 kD, BTX has relatively little potency until it is cleaved by trypsin or bacterial enzymes into two chains, a heavy chain of 100 kD responsible for binding to the target structure and a light chain of 50 kD known as the toxifying chain. These two chains are linked together by a disulfide bond. The light chain of these neurotoxins contain a Zn2+-binding motif with enzymatic activity. BTX serotypes act as zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The best characterized toxins are botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) and botulinum toxin type B (BTXB), both used therapeutically and commercially available. (J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2008 Jan; 1(1): 3–6.)

Fatty Acids: Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such as caprylic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap, detergents, cosmetics, food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy lecithin, safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Stearyl Alcohol Sterols: A mixture of solid alcohols. Can be prepared from sperm whale oil. In medicines, creams, rinses, shampoos, etc. Derivatives: Stearamine Oxide, Stearyl Acetate, Stearyl Caprylate, Stearyl Citrate, Stearyldimethyl Amine, Stearyl Glycyrrhetinate, Stearyl Heptanoate, Stearyl Octanoate, Stearyl Stearate. Alternatives: plant sources, vegetable stearic acid. (peta.org)

BLEND: Harmonious mixture of perfumery ingredients. (fragrance.org)

MACERATION: Is a method used to process flowers by steeping them in hot fats. The steeping process produces pomades. These are washed in alcohol for purification, and from this scented mixture, the extract of floral oil is obtained. (fragrance.org)

BLEND, Harmonious mixture of perfumery ingredients. = به آمیزه همگنی از مواد عطری بلند می گویند

Silicone Elastomer Blend, Dow Corning® 9040, a mixture of high molecular weight silicone elastomer in cyclopentasiloxane = آمیزه الاستومر سیلیکون

MACERATION, Is a method used to process flowers by steeping them in hot fats. The steeping process produces pomades. These are washed in alcohol for purification, and from this scented mixture, the extract of floral oil is obtained. = ماسیراسیون: روشی است كه در آن گلها را وارد روغن داغ می كنند سپس پماد به دست آمده را با الكل می شویند.

oakmoss = گلسنگ

EVERNIA PRUNASTRI — Oakmoss. The extract from a lichen that grows on oak trees, used as a fixative in cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

Oakmoss – Evernia prunastri (INCI dictionary)

Accord: In the same way you hold down several notes in music to create a chord that has a unique sound, in perfume, an accord is a scent made up of several perfume notes, or ingredients, that blend together to form a distinct fragrance. For example, the classic accord in the chypre perfume category is bergamot, labdanum, and oakmoss. (intothegloss.com)

Chypre: The French word for the Greek island of Cyprus. Its classic accord features a citrus top note, such as bergamot, contrasting with a mossy base of, most importantly, oakmoss. The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) is considering banning or severely limiting the use of oakmoss and tree mosses in scents due to their alleged allergenic properties, which has perfume lovers up in arms. Christian Dior Diorella is a chypre. (intothegloss.com)

Oakmoss : A type of lichen that grows on oak trees that is crucial in chypre fragrances. Earthy, woodsy, and, of course, mossy, in scent. See: aforementioned potential banning. (intothegloss.com)

OAKMOSS: A resinous substance exuded from lichen, usually found around oak trees. (fragrance.org)

oakmoss, Evernia prunastri, a species of lichen = خزه بلوط، گلسنگ

olive = زیتون

Olive oil = روغن زیتون

lilac, common lilac, Syringa vulgaris is a species of flowering plant in the olive family = یاس بنفش یاس شیروانی

operator = متصدی، اپراتور

pantene pro-v = پنتین پرو-وی

permeation = تراوش، نوعی مکانیزم نفوذ

polarity = قطبیت، تمایل قطبی 

pores = منافذ

fine pores = منافذ کوچک پوست

Large pores = منافذ بزرگ

small pores = منافذ ریز

shrink pores = جمع کردن منافذ

clogged pores = منافذ مسدودشده پوست

minimise pores = کوچک کردن منافذ

conspicuous pores = منافذ مشخص پوست

enlarged facial pores = منافذ پوست صورت بزرگ شده

physical enlargement of pores = افزایش سایز فیزیکی منافذ

decreased elasticity around pores = کاهش الاستیسیته و کشسانی پوست اطراف منافذ

pores, openings of hair follicles = منافذ پوستی، دهانه های فولیکول

when skin is oily facial pores look larger = در پوست چرب، منافذ پوست بزرگتر به نظر می آیند

Pores become smaller towards the edge of the face = منافذ پوست به سمت بیرون صورت کوچکتر می شوند

Pores may be clogged on the nose, chin and center of the forehead = منافذ پوست در ناحیه بینی، چانه ومرکز پیشانی ممکن است مسدود شده باشد

Pores may be clogged from dead skin cell buildup in the hair follicle = منافذ پوست ممکن است در اثر انباشت سلول مرده در فولیکول مو مسدود شده باشد

Pores are not visible or become smaller towards the outer edges of the face = منافذ پوست به چشم نمی آیند یادر قسمت گوشه خارجی صورت کوچک تر هستند

Oily skin produces too much sebum also known as oil and will have larger pores = پوست چرب سبوم بیشتری تولید می کند و منافذ بزرگتری دارد

Combination dry skin may have noticeable follicles, pores, down the center of face = پوست ترکیبی مایل به خشک ممکن است فولیکولها و منافذ نسبتا بزرگ و قابل توجهی در بخش مرکزی وپایینی صورت داشته باشند

Combination oily skin has a wider distribution of the larger pores down the center of the face extending to the outer cheeks = پوست های ترکیبی مایل به چرب منافذ بزرگتری در قسمت مرکز صورت دارند که می تواند تا ناحیه بیرونی گونه ها گسترده شده باشد

Powdery = پودری

Orris: The “butter” from the dried roots of the iris flower, orris is a prized and expensive perfume ingredient that creates a rich, earthy, carroty, powdery effect in fragrances. In Balenciaga Le Dix, and showcased and highlighted in Serge Lutens’ haunting Iris Silver Mist. (intothegloss.com)

POWDERY: Sweet, dry, somewhat musky odor. (fragrance.org)

powdery makeup products = مواد آرایشی پودری

pressed powder products = محصولات پودری فشرده

q10 = کیوتن

coenzime q10 = کوانزیم کیوتن

Q10, Coenzyme Q10 = کیتون، کوآنزیم کیوتن

redness = قرمزی

ASTER TRIPOLIUM — Sea Aster. Soothing agent clinically proven to reduce redness and sensitivity on the skin when used twice daily for 28 days. An excellent addition to calming formulas for sensitive complexions. (INCI dictionary)

VITIS VINIFERA VINE EXTRACT — Red Vine. Extract from the leaves of the grape vine, known for its soothing, toning proper ties, and as an “anti-blotchiness” skin treatment. An anti-inflammatory, it helps reduce redness and irritation. High in antioxidant vitamin C, choline and inositol. (INCI dictionary)

CAROB SEED EXTRACT: Phyto-repair molecules restore the balance of natural regenerative skin systems depleted by age. Accelerates the recovery of stressed skin tissue. Reduces redness, inflammation. Skin's resilience, color, and volume are increased. (cellularskinrx.com)

LICORICE ROOT EXTRACT: This extract helps to reduce redness caused by stress, acne and rosacea. (cellularskinrx.com)

NIACINAMIDE: Also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid, niacinamide is a potent cell-communicating ingredient that offers multiple benefits for aging skin. It stops the skin cells that produce pigment from transferring that pigment to surface skin cells, thereby minimizing unwanted dark spots. It is also an effective moisturizer helping the skin produce more ceramides and fatty acids, which are crucial components of your skin barrier. As that barrier is strengthened, skin is better able to keep moisture in and irritants out. Redness and inflammation are visibly reduced. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer and F*a*C*E Synergy Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

RED ALGAE EXTRACT: This extract (hypnea musciformis) provides protection from glycation and cellular/skin tissue damage evidenced by stiff, dull skin. The extract reduces redness and inflammation by reducing the overproduction of TNF-a. It strengthens the skin barrier by inducing involucrin synthesis. MMP1 and MMP3 enzyme activation is limited - these are implicated in the degradation of the dermal matrix. Red algae is excellent at restoring skin's normal cellular matrix within 28 days. Elasticity, firmness, good skin tone are the result. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

SEA WHIP: Sea Whip calms and soothes skin prone to irritation. Sea Whip provides the strongest soothing action of all sea plant-derived extracts. Helps to reduce visible redness and other signs of sensitivity. It inhibits 90% of inflammatory enzyme PLA2 which is known to trigger the skin's inflammation response that leads to redness, discomfort, and PIH (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation). Used in Calming BioLipid Repair Creme and Fluid. (cellularskinrx.com)

Anti redness = ضد قرمزی

redness of the skin = قرمزی پوست

Sensitive skin is characterized by thinned, redness prone, and it is easily inflamed by skincare products = پوست حساس معمولا نازک است، مستعد قرمزی است، در اثر مصرف محصولات مراقبت از پوست به راحتی ملتهب می شود

rosacea, a very common skin disease that affects people over the age of 30. It causes redness on your nose, cheeks, chin, and forehead = رزاسه، بیماری رایج پوستی که افراد بالای 30 سال را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد و با قرمزی روی بینی، گونه، چانه و پیشانی بروز می کند

regulation = قانون گذاری

PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE 3: Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 has been clinically proven to suppress the body's production of interleukins (IL6), the chemical messengers that trigger inflammation, the first step in the aging cascade. Inflammation is a function of immunity and is a protective response to injury or destruction of tissue. This is the body's way of walling off the injurious agent and the injured tissue. Under normal circumstances, very little IL6 is secreted and its secretion is strictly controlled. However, as we age this regulation system develops defects, and significant levels of IL6 appear in the plasma even when there is no inflammatory stimulus. This results in high levels of inflammatory proteins in the tissues and a loss of healing potential. At concentrations from 10 ppm, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 induces a marked reduction in the secretion of the cytokine IL6. This reduction is progressive and depends on the concentration of the peptide: baseline secretion may be inhibited by up to 40%. Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 reduced levels of IL6 after cells were exposed to UV radiation by up to 86% even though IL6 had been increased by about 20 fold by the UV. These results show that Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 is able to affect baseline levels of IL6 as well as modulate the effects of UV-stimulated over-production of IL6. Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 is marketed by Sederma as a molecule that can restore cytokine equilibrium, which characterizes youthful skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

downregulation = کاهش

osmoregulation = تنظیم تراوایی، اسمو رگولاسیون

natural regulation = تنظیم طبیعی

Seborrhea regulation = تنظیم ترشح چربی توسط غدد چربی

cosmetics regulations = قوانین و مقررات آرایشی بهداشتی

Scalp hyperseborrhea regulation = تنظیم فعالیت بیش از حد غدد چربی پوست سر

functions of the skin are protection, heat regulation, sensation, excretion, secretion and absorption = عملکردهای پوست عبارتند از محافظت، تنظیم دما، لامسه، ترشح چربی و تراوش عرق

release = رهایش

SODIUM LAUROYL LACTYLATE — The sodium salt of lactic acid, a food-grade emulsifier and mild surfactant, used as a foam- ing and cleansing agent and to give the hair a soft, silky texture. The emulsifier of choice for natural products, it offers excellent moisturizing proper ties and leaves a smooth feel after application. It penetrates the top layer of skin to offer residual moisturization, extended fragrance release and enhanced delivery of actives. (INCI dictionary)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 3: A non-toxic amino-peptide developed specifically to reduce wrinkles and the signs of premature aging. Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 is a cost-effective alternative to injections and surgical procedures. Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 temporarily limits the overproduction and release of neurotransmitters that initiate and control the intensity of facial muscle contractions. This reduction in intensity reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. This powerful ingredient reduces muscle contractions in a non-paralytic fashion and without toxic side effects. It is naturally derived and non-irritating to the skin. Attaching the hexapeptide to the fatty acid, acetyl, allows the resulting amino-peptide to be easily absorbed into the skin. At a 10% concentration, Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 has been shown to reduce the depth of wrinkles up to 30% after 30 days of trial use. (source: International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol. 24, No 5, p.303, October 2002). Currently, doctors are beginning to recommend use of Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 skin serums in conjunction with paralytic injections to prolong those results. (cellularskinrx.com)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 30: A longer chain acetyl molecule cousin to Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 and 8. Similarly, it inhibits acetylcholine release both pre- and post-synaptically to block nerve signals that cause facial muscles to contract and eventually, form lines and wrinkles. This reduction in nerve signal intensity and muscular contractions reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. Use of Acetyl Hexapeptide 30 in combination with other Acetyl Hexapeptide molecules has an additive effect which is more powerful than using any of the amino-peptides alone. (cellularskinrx.com)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 8: An amino-peptide developed specifically to reduce wrinkles and the signs of premature aging. Acetyl Hexapeptide 8 is the longer chain molecule cousin of Acetyl Hexapeptide 3. Similar to AH-3, it is a cost-effective alternative to injections and surgical procedures. Acetyl Hexapeptide 8 temporarily limits the overproduction and release of neurotransmitters that initiate and control the intensity of facial muscle contractions. This reduction in intensity reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. Used in combination with Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 and Acetyl Hexapeptide 30, it results in an additive wrinkle-relaxing effect that is more powerful than each amino-peptide used alone. (cellularskinrx.com)

BETAINE SALICYLATE: Betaine Salicylate is a natural skin conditioner derived from sugar beets. It is complexed with keratolytic BHA. It provides time-released exfoliating action long after it is removed. (cellularskinrx.com)

PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Pentapeptide-3 is a powerful yet safe wrinkle-relaxer that acts similarly to curare, the powerful paralytic nerve agent. As with curare, this powerful peptide acts at the post-synaptic membrane. The peptide prevents release of the sodium ion necessary for muscle receptors to receive nerve signals that cause the muscles to contract. The muscle stays relaxed and lines are not formed. Used in SuperMax MultiPeptide Skin Solution Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

TRIPEPTIDE: Tripeptide has been developed as an efficient smoothing and anti-wrinkle small peptide particularly effective against expression lines by relaxing facial muscles. This active tripeptide acts in a manner similar to Walglerin 1. Acting at the post-synaptic membrane, Tripeptide is a reverible antagonist of the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (mnAChR). Tripeptide binds to the receptor; consequently it remains closed. In the closed state, sodium ions (Na+) are not released and the muscles stay relaxed. Clinical trials have shown that Tripeptide is capable of reducing expression lines/wrinkles by inhibiting muscle contractions. Used in SuperMax MultiPeptide Skin Solution Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

release out = تراوش به بیرون

Avoid the use of treatment that releases heat or stimulates the skin too much = از درمان هایی که مستلزم ایجاد حرارت یا تحریک بیش از حد پوست هستند اجتناب شود

pesticides, toxic substances released intentionally into our environment to kill living things = آفت کش، مواد شیمیایی سمی که عمداً به محیط اضافه می شود تا موجودات زنده مزاحم را از بین ببرند

safflower oil = روغن گلرنگ

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS — Safflower Oil. Cold-pressed (INCI dictionary)

Rye Seed Extract – Secale cereale Safflower Oil – Car thamus tinctorius Sage Oil – Salvia officinalis Sandalwood Oil – Santalum album Sarsaparilla Root – Smilax utilis Sassafras – Sassafras officinale (INCI dictionary)

SAFFLOWER OIL: Excellent lightweight cleansing oil. Dissolves heavier oils and oil-based dirt and make-up. (cellularskinrx.com)

Animal Fats and Oils: In foods, cosmetics, etc. Highly allergenic. Alternatives: olive oil, wheat germ oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil, almond oil, safflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Fatty Acids: Can be one or any mixture of liquid and solid acids such as caprylic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. Used in bubble baths, lipsticks, soap, detergents, cosmetics, food. Alternatives: vegetable-derived acids, soy lecithin, safflower oil, bitter almond oil, sunflower oil, etc. (peta.org)

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius = گلرنگ، کاجیره، کارتاموس

scars = اسکارها

acne scars = اسکار آکنه، فرورفتگی یا برآمدگی های ایجاد شده روی سطح پوست در اثر عدم درمان به موقع آکنه

sebaceous = مربوط به غدد سبابه یا سباسه

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

IVY, owing to folliculin-like activity, locally reduces the sebaceous flow while its saponosids decongest hair scalp and clean out exceeding lipids. ()

Sebaceous gland = غدد سبابه، غدد چربی ساز پوست، غده کوچکی در پوست پستانداران که تولید چربی می کند، غده ای که سبوم ترشح می کند

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

sebaceous glands = غدد سبابه

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

pilosebaceous unit = واحد پیلوسباسه شامل فولیکول مو، ساقه مو و غده سباسه

sebaceous activity = فعالیت غدد سبابه

sebaceous follicles = فولیکول سباسه

overactive sebaceous glands = غدد چربی بیش فعال

sebum in the sebaceous glands = سبوم در غدد سبابه

acne = chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous gland = آکنه = عارضه التهابی و مزمن غده پیلوسباسه

sebocyte, any of the cells that make up the sebaceous glands, and secrete sebum = سبوسیت، سبوسایت، سلول های تشکیل دهنده غدد سبابه که سبوم ترشح می کنند

lanoline, wool wax, wool grease, a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals = لانولین، موم پشم، چربی پشم، روغن پشم گوسفند، ماده مومی یا چرب که توسط غدد سبابه حیوانات پشم دار مثل گوسفند ترشح می شود

Sebaceous gland = غدد سبابه، غدد چربی ساز پوست، غده کوچکی در پوست پستانداران که تولید چربی می کند، غده ای که سبوم ترشح می کند

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

sebaceous glands = غدد سبابه

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

overactive sebaceous glands = غدد چربی بیش فعال

sebum in the sebaceous glands = سبوم در غدد سبابه

acne = chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous gland = آکنه = عارضه التهابی و مزمن غده پیلوسباسه

sebocyte, any of the cells that make up the sebaceous glands, and secrete sebum = سبوسیت، سبوسایت، سلول های تشکیل دهنده غدد سبابه که سبوم ترشح می کنند

lanoline, wool wax, wool grease, a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals = لانولین، موم پشم، چربی پشم، روغن پشم گوسفند، ماده مومی یا چرب که توسط غدد سبابه حیوانات پشم دار مثل گوسفند ترشح می شود

sensor = سنسور

OLFACTORY BULB: The first region of the brain to receive sensory inputs from the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory bulb presents the initial input and communicates via multiple pathways with numerous other regions of the brain, e.g. limbic system, hypothalamus and cortex. (fragrance.org)

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM: Layer of sensory cells in the upper-rear portion of the nose. Each side of the nose contains roughly 15 million sensory cells in the epithelium. (fragrance.org)

sensoriality = ویژگی های لمسی

sensory organ = اندام حسی پنجگانه

sensory organ = اندام حسی

sensory neurons = عصب حسی

sensory attributes = ویژگی های حسی

sensory properties = ویژگی های حسی و لمسی

imparts an appealing sensory profile = با ویژگی های لمسی جذاب

a panel specialized in sensory analysis = پانلی از متخصصان آنالیز ویژگی های لمسی و احساسی

active sequence = توالی فعال

Shimmer = براق کننده

sponge = اسفنج

Sponge (Luna and Sea): A plantlike animal. Lives in the sea. Becoming scarce. Alternatives: synthetic sponges, loofahs (plants used as sponges). (peta.org)

Face sponge = اسفنج فیشال

sponge-like = اسفنجی

facial sponge = اسفنج فیشال

Disposable sponges = اسفنج های آرایشی یکبار مصرف

strile = استریل، سترون

stubborn = سرسخت

synthetic = سنتزی، مصنوعی، صناعی

DETERGENTS — cleansing agents that are chemically different from soaps, but resemble them in the ability to emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension. Detergents can vary widely in composition. Though some can be plant-based, most are processed with petroleum derivatives or are synthetic. Examples: sodium lauryl/ laureth sulfate, cocamide DEA, cocamidopropyl betaine. (INCI dictionary) 

ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER — Gum Tragacanth. A thickener and binding agent in creams and lotions, this herbal gum is also a key ingredient in natural setting lotions, hairsprays and gels. Both gum arabic and gum tragacanth are natural alternatives to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most commercial hair products. (INCI dictionary)

CELLULOSE GUM — The most abundant polymer found in nature. Used as a setting agent in hairsprays, styling gels and mousses. A natural alternative to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most mass-produced styling aids. Also used as a binder and thickener in cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

COCOS NUCIFERA OIL — Coconut Oil. Rich emollient exressed from coconuts. It is naturally converted into a soap through a saponification reaction with an alkaline salt. Beware of cosmetics that bill themselves as natural and use a synthetically processed derivative, sodium lauryl sulfate, claiming it comes from coconut oil. Accept nothing but the real thing in its natural form. (INCI dictionary) 

FRUIT ACIDS — A group of acids naturally occurring in fruits and herbs, used in cosmetics for thousands of years to clear and smooth the complexion. They work by loosening the “glue” that holds the outer layer of cells to the surface of your skin, there- by encouraging exfoliation and more rapid turnover of skin cells. The patented trade name for fruit acids is Alpha-hydroxy acids, which are synthetically derived in most commercial formulations. (Alpha-hydroxy acids are now common ingredients in cosmetics, but were originally used as solvents in cleaning compounds and for tanning leather.) Some natural sources for fruit acids include bilberry herb, black currant, grapefruit, tomato, wine and grapes (glycolic, malic, pyruvic, benzylic, citric, tartaric and lactic acids). (INCI dictionary) 

GLYCERIN — Vegetable Glycerin. Rich humectant, emollient and lubricant naturally extracted from vegetable oils, used in cosmetic formulations for thousands of years. (Synthetic glycerin, otherwise known as propylene glycol, is highly irritating to the skin and scalp and should be avoided.) (INCI dictionary)

NATURAL FLOWER OIL — Oil extracted from flowers and used in synthetic-free perfumes and colognes. A natural fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Clinically proven to regenerate the skin's upper layers by stimulating collagen production, thus thickening the epidermis. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of the C-terminal portion of collagen I (the most common type of the nineteen forms of collagen) combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. One could look at Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 as a man-made precursor to collagen I. When this protein is added to cultured human fibroblasts it enhances the synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin. In vitro, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen IV synthesis by 100-327% and to stimulate hyaluronic acidsynthesis by 267%. In vivo Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen synthesis by 30-117%. Image analysis determined the effect Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had on wrinkled skin. The six-month results are listed below, though significant results were seen in two months. Results: Mean wrinkle depth -- Reduced 17% Surface area: deep wrinkles -- Reduced 68% Surface area: moderate wrinkles -- Reduced 51% Mean density of wrinkled area -- Reduced 47% Skin roughness -- Reduced 16% Main wrinkle volume -- Reduced 24%. These results show that Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had a dramatic effect on reducing the quantity and depth of wrinkles. It also improved surface smoothness. (cellularskinrx.com)

Progesterone: A steroid hormone used in anti-wrinkle face creams. Can have adverse systemic effects. Alternatives: synthetics. (peta.org)

Sponge (Luna and Sea): A plantlike animal. Lives in the sea. Becoming scarce. Alternatives: synthetic sponges, loofahs (plants used as sponges). (peta.org)

Hide Glue: Same as gelatin but of a cruder impure form. Alternatives: dextrins and synthetic petrochemical-based adhesives. (See Gelatin.) (peta.org)

Sable Brushes: From the fur of sables (weasel-like mammals). Used to make eye makeup, lipstick, and artists’ brushes. Alternatives: synthetic fibers. (peta.org)

Duodenum Substances: From the digestive tracts of cows and pigs. Added to some vitamin tablets. In some medicines. Alternatives: vegetarian vitamins, synthetics. (peta.org)

Cortisone Corticosteroid: When animal-derived, a hormone from adrenal glands. However, a synthetic is widely used. Typically used in medicine. Alternatives: synthetics. (peta.org)

Propolis: Tree sap gathered by bees and used as a sealant in beehives. In toothpaste, shampoo, deodorant, supplements, etc. Alternatives: tree sap, synthetics. (peta.org)

Amino Acids: The building blocks of protein in all animals and plants. In cosmetics, vitamins, supplements, shampoos, etc. Alternatives: synthetics, plant sources. (peta.org)

Ambergris: From whale intestines. Used as a fixative in making perfumes and as a flavoring in foods and beverages. Alternatives: synthetic or vegetable fixatives. (peta.org)

Tyrosine: Amino acid often of plant or synthetic origin but sometimes hydrolyzed from casein (milk). Used in cosmetics and creams. Derivative: Glucose Tyrosinase. (peta.org)

Insulin: From hog pancreas. Used by millions of diabetics daily. Alternatives: synthetics, vegetarian diet and nutritional supplements, human insulin grown in a lab. (peta.org)

Panthenol Dexpanthenol Vitamin B-Complex Factor Provitamin B-5: Can come from animal or plant sources or synthetics. In shampoos, supplements, emollients, etc. In foods. Derivative: Panthenyl. Alternatives: synthetics, plants. (peta.org)

Bone Char: Animal bone ash. Used in bone china and often to make sugar white. Serves as the charcoal used in aquarium filters. Alternatives: synthetic tribasic calcium phosphate. (peta.org)

Cerebrosides: Fatty acids and sugars found in the covering of nerves. May be synthetic or of animal origin. When animal-derived, may include tissue from brain. Used in moisturizers. (peta.org)

Methionine: Essential amino acid found in various proteins (usually from egg albumen and casein). Used as a texturizer and for freshness in potato chips. Alternatives: synthetics. (peta.org)

Elastin: Protein found in the neck ligaments and aortas of cows. Similar to collagen. Can’t affect the skin’s own elasticity. Alternatives: synthetics, protein from plant tissues. (peta.org)

Cetyl Alcohol: Wax originally found in spermaceti from sperm whales or dolphins but now most often derived from petroleum. Alternatives: vegetable cetyl alcohol (e.g., coconut), synthetic spermaceti. (peta.org)

Fur: Obtained from animals (usually mink, foxes, or rabbits) cruelly trapped in steel-jaw traps or raised in intensive confinement on fur farms. Alternatives: synthetics. (See Sable Brushes.) (peta.org)

Leather Suede Calfskin Sheepskin Alligator Skin Other Types of Skin: Subsidizes the meat industry. Used to make wallets, handbags, furniture and car upholstery, shoes, etc. Alternatives: cotton, canvas, nylon, vinyl, ultrasuede, pleather, other synthetics. (peta.org)

Pristane: Obtained from the liver oil of sharks and from whale ambergris. (See Squalene, Ambergris.) Used as a lubricant and anti-corrosive agent. In cosmetics. Alternatives: plant oils, synthetics. (peta.org)

Catgut: Tough string from the intestines of sheep, horses, etc. Used for surgical sutures. Also for stringing tennis rackets, musical instruments, etc. Alternatives: nylon and other synthetic fibers. (peta.org)

Hyaluronic Acid: When animal-derived, a protein found in umbilical cords and the fluids around the joints. Used in cosmetics and some medical applications. Alternatives: synthetic hyaluronic acid, plant oils. (peta.org)

Blood: From any slaughtered animal. Used as adhesive in plywood, also found in cheese-making, foam rubber, intravenous feedings, and medicines. Possibly in foods such as lecithin. Alternatives: synthetics, plant sources. (peta.org)

Castor Castoreum: Creamy substance with strong odor, originally from muskrat and beaver genitals but now typically synthetic. Used as a fixative in perfume and incense. While some cosmetics companies continue to use animal castor, the majority do not. (peta.org)

Allantoin: Uric acid from cows, most mammals. Also in many plants (especially comfrey). In cosmetics (especially creams and lotions) and used in treatment of wounds and ulcers. Derivatives: Alcloxa, Aldioxa. Alternatives: extract of comfrey root, synthetics. (peta.org)

Guanine Pearl Essence: Obtained from scales of fish. Constituent of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid and found in all animal and plant tissues. In shampoo, nail polish, other cosmetics. Alternatives: leguminous plants, synthetic pearl, or aluminum and bronze particles. (peta.org)

Steroids Sterols: From various animal glands or from plant tissues. Steroids include sterols. Sterols are alcohol from animals or plants (e.g., cholesterol). Used in hormone preparation. In creams, lotions, hair conditioners, fragrances, etc. Alternatives: plant tissues, synthetics. (peta.org)

Bee Pollen: Microsporic grains in seed plants gathered by bees then collected from the legs of bees. Causes allergic reactions in some people. In nutritional supplements, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants. Alternatives: synthetics, plant amino acids, pollen collected from plants. (peta.org)

Down: Goose or duck insulating feathers. From slaughtered or cruelly exploited geese. Used as an insulator in quilts, parkas, sleeping bags, pillows, etc. Alternatives: polyester and synthetic substitutes, kapok (silky fibers from the seeds of some tropical trees) and milkweed seed pod fibers. (peta.org)

Arachidonic Acid: A liquid unsaturated fatty acid that is found in liver, brain, glands, and fat of animals and humans. Generally isolated from animal liver. Used in companion animal food for nutrition and in skin creams and lotions to soothe eczema and rashes. Alternatives: synthetics, aloe vera, tea tree oil, calendula ointment. (peta.org)

Urea Carbamide: Typically synthetic. When extracted from animals, it is excreted from urine and other bodily fluids. In deodorants, ammoniated dentifrices, mouthwashes, hair colorings, hand creams, lotions, shampoos, etc. Used to “brown” baked goods, such as pretzels. Derivatives: Imidazolidinyl Urea, Uric Acid. Alternatives: synthetics. (peta.org)

Lactic Acid: Typically derived from plants such as beets. When animal-derived, found in blood and muscle tissue. Also in sour milk, beer, sauerkraut, pickles, and other food products made by bacterial fermentation. Used in skin fresheners, as a preservative, in the formation of plasticizers, etc. Alternatives: plant milk sugars, synthetics. (peta.org)

Spermaceti Cetyl Palmitate Sperm Oil: Waxy oil originally derived from the sperm whale’s head or from dolphins but now most often derived from petroleum. In many margarines. In skin creams, ointments, shampoos, candles, etc. Used in the leather industry. May become rancid and cause irritations. Alternatives: synthetic spermaceti, jojoba oil, and other vegetable emollients. (peta.org)

Vitamin A: Can come from fish liver oil (e.g., shark liver oil), egg yolk, butter, lemongrass, wheat germ oil, carotene in carrots, and synthetics. An aliphatic alcohol. In cosmetics, creams, perfumes, hair dyes, etc. In vitamins, supplements. Alternatives: carrots, other vegetables, synthetics. (Please note that Vitamin A exists in two forms: see also Carotene, Retinol.) (peta.org)

Colors Dyes: Pigments from animal, plant, and synthetic sources used to color foods, cosmetics, and other products. Cochineal is from insects. Widely used FD&C and D&C colors are coal-tar (bituminous coal) derivatives that are continuously tested on animals because of their carcinogenic properties. Alternatives: grapes, beets, turmeric, saffron, carrots, chlorophyll, annatto, alkanet. (peta.org)

Vitamin D Ergocalciferol Vitamin D2 Ergosterol Provitamin D2 Calciferol Vitamin D3: Vitamin D can come from fish liver oil, milk, egg yolks, and other animal products but can also come from plant sources. Vitamin D2 is typically vegan. Vitamin D3 may be from an animal source. All the D vitamins can be in creams, lotions, other cosmetics, vitamin tablets, etc. Alternatives: plant and mineral sources, synthetics, completely vegetarian vitamins, exposure of skin to sunshine. (peta.org)

Lecithin Choline Bitartrate: Waxy substance in nervous tissue of all living organisms. But frequently obtained for commercial purposes from eggs and soybeans. Also from nerve tissue, blood, milk, corn. Choline bitartrate, the basic constituent of lecithin, is in many animal and plant tissues and prepared synthetically. Lecithin can be in eye creams, lipsticks, liquid powders, hand creams, lotions, soaps, shampoos, other cosmetics, and some medicines. Alternatives: soybean lecithin, synthetics. (peta.org)

Estrogen Estradiol: Female hormones from pregnant mares’ urine. Considered a drug. Can have harmful systemic effects if used by children. Used for reproductive problems and in birth control pills and Premarin, a menopausal drug. In creams, perfumes, and lotions. Has a negligible effect in the creams as a skin restorative; simple vegetable-source emollients are considered better. Alternatives: oral contraceptives and menopausal drugs based on synthetic steroids or phytoestrogens (from plants, especially palm-kernel oil). Menopausal symptoms can also be treated with diet and herbs. (peta.org)

Silk Silk Powder: Silk is the shiny fiber made by silkworms to form their cocoons. Worms are boiled in their cocoons to get the silk. Used in cloth. In silk-screening (other fine cloth can be and is used instead). Taffeta can be made from silk or nylon. Silk powder is obtained from the secretion of the silkworm. It is used as a coloring agent in face powders, soaps, etc. Can cause severe allergic skin reactions and systemic reactions if inhaled or ingested. Alternatives: milkweed seed-pod fibers, nylon, silk-cotton tree and ceiba tree filaments (kapok), rayon, and synthetic silks. (peta.org)

Wool: From sheep. Used in clothing. Ram lambs and old “wool” sheep are slaughtered for their meat. Sheep are transported without food or water, in extreme heat and cold. Legs are broken, eyes injured, etc. Sheep are bred to be unnaturally woolly and unnaturally wrinkly, which causes them to get insect infestations around the tail areas. The farmer’s solution to this is the painful cutting away of the flesh around the tail (called “mulesing”). “Inferior” sheep are killed. When sheep are sheared, they are pinned down violently and sheared roughly. Their skin is cut up. Every year, hundreds of thousands of shorn sheep die from exposure to cold. Natural predators of sheep (wolves, coyotes, eagles, etc.) are poisoned, trapped, and shot. In the U.S., overgrazing of cattle and sheep is turning more than 150 million acres of land to desert. “Natural” wool production uses enormous amounts of resources and energy (for breeding, rearing, feeding, shearing, transport, slaughter, etc.). Derivatives: Lanolin, Wool Wax, Wool Fat. Alternatives: cotton, cotton flannel, synthetic fibers, ramie, etc. (peta.org)

Ambergris: A highly prized base note rarely used in non-synthetic form because of its rarity and cost. Why is it so expensive? Because of its origins: The sperm whale eats cuttlefish, whose bones are indigestible and painful to its stomach lining. As a result, it secretes a substance that surrounds the bones. This mass gets excreted, most likely from the whale’s back end. It then floats around in the water, ages, gets oxidized by the sun, and turns into the substance that washes ashore until it’s found by some lucky bastard who can sell it for more per ounce than gold. Ambergris smells earthy, sweet, tobacco-like, and provides a roundness and depth to perfumes. Christian Dior Dioressence perfume was said to have been inspired by perfumer Guy Robert’s encounter with both real ambergris and a knock-off Miss Dior soap. (intothegloss.com)

Castoreum: An oily secretion from the abdominal sacs of beavers, often a byproduct of the fur trade. Its warm, animalic, and even fruity scent is used in many leather perfumes—but mostly in synthetic form. In Amouage Fate Woman. (intothegloss.com)

Civet: Yes, civet is the cream harvested from a civet animal’s anal gland. Or rather was harvested. Most civet is now synthetic. (It’s said that Chanel No. 5 stopped using real civet as late as the 1980s.) Fecal-smelling when undiluted, it becomes magic when added to other scents as a base note. Civet is usually subtly added to the base of perfumes, but because “animalic” styles are back in full force, perfumes such as Brent Leonesio Untitled No. 8 puts this skanky note in a starring role. (intothegloss.com)

Cuir: Pronounced “queer,” cuir is the French word for leather. Leather perfumes are made with accords constructed from various perfume notes including birch tar, styrax, castoreum, myrtle, cade, and a variety of synthetic arochemicals. Chanel Cuir de Russie is a classic leather perfume. (intothegloss.com)

Headspace technology: A method pioneered in the 1970s of capturing scent molecules and reconstructing their smell for perfumes. A bell-jar like apparatus is placed over the scented object and the molecules are extracted and saved. Once they’re analyzed, a synthetic version is created. This is how perfumes that are hard to distill, like gardenia, and notes like dirt, in Demeter’s much-lauded Dirt, are created. (intothegloss.com)

Musk: Musk is used to extend the life of fragrances and to add a sensual feel, and perfumers now use a large array of synthetic musks in perfume that range from dark and animalic to fresh and laundry-like. Musk deer were once almost killed to extinction for their musk glands, which, when opened, had tiny grains of musk that were tinctured and used in perfume. Narcisco Rodriguez for Her was a recent popular clean musk scent. (intothegloss.com)

Oud/Agarwood: Made from the resin of the Aquilaria tree, which it emits when it’s attacked by pathogens, oud has an animalic, earthy, woody, tobacco, sometimes camphory quality that is complex and dark. Most scents featuring oud use a synthetic version, because the real stuff is understandably expensive to harvest. Regardless, its popularity doesn’t seem to be waning. L’Artisan Al Oudh and Christian Dior Leather Oud are incredibly animalic iterations, and a more romantic “feminine” version is in Kilian Rose Oud. (intothegloss.com)

ANIMALIC: Characterized by bodily aromas or aromas most associated with traditional animal materials such as musk, civet and castoreum. These materials are now banned and have been replaced with musks obtained from plants and civet and castoreum smelling molecules obtained synthetically. (fragrance.org)

AROMA CHEMICALS: Molecules obtained from natural products or made by synthetic organic chemistry that have an aroma. Most of the synthetic aroma chemicals are nature identical, i.e., identical to the same molecule obtained from a natural product. (fragrance.org)

COUMARIN: A chemical compound with a sweet, distinctive vanilla-like odor with grassy elements. Found naturally in some plants, it may also be produced synthetically. It is used by perfumers as a base note to add warmth and depth. (fragrance.org)

HYDROXYCITRONELLAL: A beautiful lily aromatic, this synthetic is widely used in perfumery, particularly as the basis of all fragrances in which lily is incorporated. (fragrance.org)

IONONES: One of the most valued synthetic perfume ingredients. They have a fresh, violet aroma and were first introduced into perfumery in 1936 in Violettes de Toulouse. (fragrance.org)

MODERN: In perfumery, the modern era began at the beginning of the 20th century when synthetic aroma chemicals such as aldehydes were first used. A modern fragrance is a harmonious creation of the perfumer based on new notes or harmonies often unknown in nature. (fragrance.org)

MUSK: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer, it has now been replaced by the use of synthetic musks which usually are called “white musk”. (fragrance.org)

PERFUMER’S PALETTE: The range of perfume ingredients from which a perfumer selects to use in the formulation of a perfume. There are 3400 raw materials available to perfumers – 400 naturals and 3000 synthetics. (fragrance.org)

SNYTHETICS: Perfume ingredients that are produced by synthetic organic chemistry rather than bio-synthetically by a plant. In most cases the synthetic ingredients used in perfumery are nature identical, i.e., identical to the same molecule made by the plant. (fragrance.org)

SPECIALTIES: Natural oils, natural isolates or synthetics, either alone or in combination, which are used as building blocks for fragrance compounds. They are less complex than a finished fragrance compound. They may be an end-product of special processing treatments or unique raw materials. A single company under a trade name usually supplies them. (fragrance.org)

Henna Color: Henna is a plant that contains a deep red dye used as a natural form of hair coloring. The active component in henna is lawsone, which binds itself to keratin (human hair protein) and washes away after several months- making it a semi-permanent color. Variations to the deep red color can be found as a result of mixing ingredients from other plants and vegetables, and even synthetic dyes. Sometimes, however, these synthetic dyes can cause some damage to the hair shaft. You need to be aware of how using henna can cause problems later when trying to perm or perform other chemical procedures on the hair. (thehairstyler.com)

synthetic polymer = پلیمر سنتزی

ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER — Gum Tragacanth. A thickener and binding agent in creams and lotions, this herbal gum is also a key ingredient in natural setting lotions, hairsprays and gels. Both gum arabic and gum tragacanth are natural alternatives to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most commercial hair products. (INCI dictionary)

CELLULOSE GUM — The most abundant polymer found in nature. Used as a setting agent in hairsprays, styling gels and mousses. A natural alternative to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most mass-produced styling aids. Also used as a binder and thickener in cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

synthetic chemicals = مواد شیمیایی سنتزی

synthetic detergents = دترجت های صناعی، شوینده های سنتزی

IONONES, One of the most valued synthetic perfume ingredients. They have a fresh, violet aroma and were first introduced into perfumery in 1936 in Violettes de Toulouse. = آیونونها: یكی از باارزش ترین مواد عطری سنتزی، رایحه تازه و گل بنفشه دارند. در سال 1936 به صنعت عطرسازی معرفی شدند.

COUMARIN, A chemical compound with a sweet, distinctive vanilla-like odor with grassy elements. Found naturally in some plants, it may also be produced synthetically. It is used by perfumers as a base note to add warmth and depth. = كومارین: ماده ای شیمیایی با رایحه شیرین و شبیه وانیل. از كومارین به عنوان نوت پایه در فرمولاسیون عطر اضافه می شود تا به آن گرما و عمق ببخشد.

AROMA CHEMICALS, Molecules obtained from natural products or made by synthetic organic chemistry that have an aroma. Most of the synthetic aroma chemicals are nature identical, i.e., identical to the same molecule obtained from a natural product. = مواد شیمیایی آروماتیك یا آروماكمیكال ها مولکول‌هایی هستند كه از محصولات طبیعی به دست می‌آیند یا به صورت سنتزی ساخته می‌شوند و بو دارند. بسیاری از مواد شیمایی آروماتیك بوی شبیه مواد طبیعی دارند. به عبارت دیگر شبیه مولکول‌هایی هستند كه از طبیعت به دست می‌آیند.

ANIMALIC, Characterized by bodily aromas or aromas most associated with traditional animal materials such as musk, civet and castoreum. These materials are now banned and have been replaced with musks obtained from plants and civet and castoreum smelling molecules obtained synthetically. = انیمالیك یا حیوانی، به بوهایی گفته می‌شود كه در عطرهای حیوانی سنتی مثل مُشك، سیوت و كاستریوم وجود دارد. این مواد در حال حاضر ممنوع هستند و با مشک‌های به دست آمده از گیاهان و مولکول‌هایی كه بوی شبیه سیوت و كاستریوم می‌دهند و به صورت سنتزی تشكل شده‌اند جایگزین شده‌اند.

telogen = تلوژن

Telogen: the Resting phase. The hair stays attached to the follicle and falls out only to be replaced by the next building hair in the anagen phase. This phase lasts approximately 100 days. (Capixyl)

anagen hair/telogen hair ratio = نسبت موهای آناژن به تلوژن

temporary = موقتی

JUGLANS REGIA EXTRACT — Walnut Extract. Tonic and astringent, very beneficial to the skin and scalp. Also used as a temporary brown hair color, often in combination with henna. (INCI dictionary)

Hair Color Sprays: Hair color sprays are temporary or wash-out colors that are generally found in aerosol cans and sprayed onto dry hair. They are mainly crazy fashion colors such as blue, green, red, yellow etc. Also, they are sometimes used by people to mask grey hair, or by some men to make their fine thinning hair appear darker and therefore thicker, and even to color the scalp to disguise hair loss. A word of caution though: keep out of the rain and avoid humid weather or the color will run off the hair and onto your clothing. (thehairstyler.com)

Hair Color Sticks: Hair color sticks are temporary colors used- when people need a quick fix- to touch up exposed roots, or to create highlights of different colors. The stick is similar to mascara, and color is painted directly onto dry hair with a small brush. It's a somewhat sloppy process and can dry stiff. Watch out too for moisture because the color can run off the hair and onto your clothing. (thehairstyler.com)

Temporary Hair Color: Temporary hair color comes in various forms including rinses, shampoos, gels, mousses and sprays. The color molecules are very large and can only sit on the hair's cuticle- therefore they don't penetrate into the hair- making the color only last 1 wash. Temporary hair colors are great for a quick, temporary and relatively safe makeover (in any case always consult your stylist first). Just remember they cannot lighten hair, but can only temporarily darken and brighten. (thehairstyler.com)

temporary dye = رنگ موهای موقتی

Blemish (temporary) = لک (موقت)

Temporary Hair Color, temporary dye = رنگ موی موقتی

remission = a temporary diminution of the severity of disease or pain = تضعیف موقتی شدت بیماری

Tonic = تونیک

tonicity = قابلیت کشش، قوام پوست

hair tonics = تونیک های مو، تقویت کننده مو

Skin tonics = تونیک ها و محصولات تقویت پوست 

Tonic (Tonique) = تونیک

topical = موضعی

ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACT — Burdock. Antiseptic and antibacterial used topically to calm certain skin conditions. Its oil extract smoothes and revitalizes the hair and tones and soothes the scalp. An excellent ingredient in conditioners, anti-frizz hair care products and styling aids for coarse, curly, hard-to-handle hair. (INCI dictionary)

CALCIUM ASCORBATE — Ester-C® Topical. A patented form of natural vitamin C, both oil- and water-soluble, clinically shown to retain its potency longer than other forms.While ordinary vitamin C degrades quickly in skin care products, Ester-C® Topical is stable and delivers the full benefit of this powerful antioxidant, penetrating into deep layers of the skin to promote collagen production. (Ester-C® is a registered trademark of Inter-Cal Corporation.) (INCI dictionary)

CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM — Feverfew. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Topically applied, a tincture of feverfew relieves pain and swelling of insect bites, rashes and other skin irritations. (INCI dictionary)

ERYTHRAEA CENTAURIUM — Centaury, Century Herb. Used in cosmetics for its soothing and astringent properties. Applied topically, it helps even out skin tones and fade freckles and other skin discolorations. Also used as a natural color. (INCI dictionary) 

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN — A naturally derived, water-soluble protein of bovine origin. Elastin is one of the three main proteins found in the skin, along with collagen and reticulin. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN — Water-soluble protein naturally derived from soy via the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Applied topically, it is an excellent hydrator that improves the texture and resiliency of the skin. In hair care formulas, it coats porous and damaged areas to strengthen and mend hair fiber. In hair care preparations it is an excellent conditioner and nutrient. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED VEGETABLE PROTEIN — Termed the building block of life, protein is our most import tant food, a leading source of vitamins and essential amino acids. Generally found in meats, eggs and dairy y products, protein can also be obtained from soy, wheat and other plant sources. Applied topically, vegetable protein is an excellent hydrator, readily absorbed by the skin for improved tex- ture. In hair care formulas, it combines with fatty acids and amino acids to coat porous or damaged hair and split ends. (See also Hy- drolyzed oat protein, Hydrolyzed soy protein, Hydrolyzed wheat protein.) (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN — Water-soluble protein naturally derived from wheat. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture and is clinically proven to minimize fine lines and wrinkles. In hair care formulas, it coats porous and damaged areas to strengthen and mend hair fiber. (See also Hydrolyzed vegetable protein.) (INCI dictionary)

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM — St. John’s Wort. Although this calming herb is best known as a natural antidepressant, its oil form is an excellent emollient and skin softener, widely used in sun and skin care products for its healing proper ties on dry, irritated skin. Also beneficial to damaged hair and dry scalp. Not phototoxic when used topically. (INCI dictionary)

IODIDES — Compounds containing iodine, naturally occurring in plants that grow in the sea. Applied topically, they are excellent antiseptics. (INCI dictionary)

LINUM USITATISSIMUM SEED OIL — Flaxseed Oil. Emollient and anti-inflammatory, high in essential fatty acids, B vitamins, protein and minerals.Very nourishing to dry hair and skin, whether tak- en internally or applied topically. (INCI dictionary)

MAGNESIUM — A mineral essential for nutrition and absorption of calcium and vitamin C. Applied topically, it helps regulate oil production in the skin and scalp. (INCI dictionary)

MYROXYLON BALSAMUM — Balsam. Antiseptic and antibacterial widely used in topical preparations for its healing proper ties, and in hair tonics and antidandruff products. Sometimes also used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

RETINYL PALMITATE — Vitamin A. Antioxidant vitamin widely used (both internally and topically) in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions. Its topical application promotes the formation of new skin cells and helps regulate oil secretion in the sebaceous glands. Par ticularly beneficial for dry or sun-exposed skin, it is often found in sun protection creams for its antioxidant proper ties and its soothing and hydrating effect on the skin. (A deficiency of vitamin A in the body reduces the mucopolysaccharides in the skin, which accelerates the skin’s aging process.) Also used as a natural preser- vative in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary)

SALICYLIC ACID — The active ingredient in aspirin, a natural an- ti-inflammatory and exfoliant used in the treatment of acne and preparations for oily skin. Applied topically, it penetrates the fol- licle and encourages the shedding of dead skin cells from within, breaking up oil deposits and debris that can cause blocked pores and blemishes. Natural sources of salicylic acid include willow bark extract (Salix nigra) and wintergreen oil (Gaultheria procumbens). (INCI dictionary)

SOLUBLE COLLAGEN — Dermal protein that makes up 70 percent of the body’s connective tissue. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture to smooth and soften the skin, increase elasticity and diminish the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. (INCI dictionary)

TOPICAL ESTER-C® — See Calcium ascorbate. (INCI dictionary)

Ester-C® Topical – Calcium ascorbate (INCI dictionary)

Tonka Bean – Dipter yx odorata Topical Ester-C® – Calcium ascorbate Turmeric – Curcuma longa (INCI dictionary)

GOGI FRUIT EXTRACT: Gogi Fruit Extract ranks among the most powerful in the natural antioxidant grading system developed by the national Institute on Aging in the National Institutes of Health. Absorbs oxygen-related free radicals before they damage skin cells when used topically. (cellularskinrx.com)

NONI FRUIT EXTRACT: Noni Fruit Extract ranks among the most powerful in the natural antioxidant grading system developed by the national Institute on Aging in the National Institutes of Health. Absorbs oxygen-related free radicals before they damage skin cells when used topically. (cellularskinrx.com)

Topical retinoid = رتینوئید موضعی

Topical antimicrobial = آنتی میکروبیال موضعی

topical steroid cream = کرم موضعی استروئیدی

low-viscosity topical preparation = محصول موضعی با ویسکوزیته پایین

prescription oral and topical retinoids = رتینوئیدهای موضعی یا خوراکی دارویی

Tragacanth = کتیرا، نوعی ماده صمغی که از گیاهان به دست می آید

ACACIA SENEGAL GUM — Gum Arabic. Herbal gum used as a thickener and emulsifier in creams and lotions, and as a hair set in styling gels and sprays. Often combined with gum tragacanth. (INCI dictionary) 

ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER — Gum Tragacanth. A thickener and binding agent in creams and lotions, this herbal gum is also a key ingredient in natural setting lotions, hairsprays and gels. Both gum arabic and gum tragacanth are natural alternatives to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most commercial hair products. (INCI dictionary)

Gum Tragacanth – Astragalus gummifer He Shou Wu – Polygonum multiflorum Hematite – Iron oxides (INCI dictionary)

Gum tragacanth = صمغ كتيرا

ACACIA SENEGAL GUM — Gum Arabic. Herbal gum used as a thickener and emulsifier in creams and lotions, and as a hair set in styling gels and sprays. Often combined with gum tragacanth. (INCI dictionary) 

ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER — Gum Tragacanth. A thickener and binding agent in creams and lotions, this herbal gum is also a key ingredient in natural setting lotions, hairsprays and gels. Both gum arabic and gum tragacanth are natural alternatives to synthetic polymers (such as PVP) found in most commercial hair products. (INCI dictionary)

Gum Tragacanth – Astragalus gummifer He Shou Wu – Polygonum multiflorum Hematite – Iron oxides (INCI dictionary)

turbulence = تلاطم

tweezers = موچین

urine = ادرار

purine = پورین یكی از چهار باز نوكلئوتیدی نوكلوئیك اسیدها

Vetiver = وتیور، خس خس

VANILLA PLANIFOLIA — Vanilla Oil. Used as a natural fragrance. VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES — Vetiver. Soothing essential oil used in cosmetics for its smoky, ear thy scent. Due to its sedative proper- ties, in India it is known as oil of tranquility. (INCI dictionary)

Vetiver – Vetiveria zizanioides (INCI dictionary)

Vetiver: An essential oil steam-distilled from the roots of a tall grass native to India—though Haiti is now its largest producer. It has an earthy, peppery, lemony, dusty scent that has been used extensively in perfumery. Guerlain Vetiver and Hové Parfumerie Vetivert are two great examples of this important perfume note. (intothegloss.com)

WOODY: An odor which is linked to the aroma of freshly cut, dry wood or fibrous root such as sandalwood or vetiver. (fragrance.org)

waterproof,water-proof = ضدآب

whiteness = سفیدی

Wild thyme, Thymus serpyllum = آویشن، هزوه

extract = عصاره، در نقش فعل به معنای استخراج کردن عصاره

SEQUESTRANTS — Chelating agents that act by binding to and removing metal ions (such as calcium, magnesium and iron) and nonmetal ions (such as chlorine and salt) from hard water, causing hair to be cleansed and rinsed more thoroughly. Sequestrants also help minimize discoloration of natural and color-treated hair that might normally be altered by pool and salt water or excessive perspiration. Examples: rice extract, citric acid, kelp extract, alginate. (INCI dictionary) 

TONICS — Herbal extracts that soothe, clarify, stimulate or otherwise improve the condition of the skin, hair and scalp. These are typically extracted in vegetable glycerin, water or natural grain alcohol, or added as essential oils. Examples: horsetail, nettle, ginseng, chamomile. (INCI dictionary) 

ABIES SIBIRICA — Fir Oil, Siberian Pine Needle Oil. Aromatic extract with antimicrobial and tonic proper ties. An excellent addition to facial cleansers and natural deodorants. Often used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary) 

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM — Yarrow. Extract from the flower heads of this ancient herbal, a known anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant. Adds sheen to the hair and has a firming action on the skin. (INCI dictionary) 

ALGAE EXTRACT — A blend of different varieties of red algae, this powerful nutrient is rich in amino acids, antioxidant vitamin C and vitamin B-12. (INCI dictionary) 

ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACT — Burdock. Antiseptic and antibacterial used topically to calm certain skin conditions. Its oil extract smoothes and revitalizes the hair and tones and soothes the scalp. An excellent ingredient in conditioners, anti-frizz hair care products and styling aids for coarse, curly, hard-to-handle hair. (INCI dictionary)

ARNICA MONTANA — Arnica Oil. Herbal extract used in hair tonics and massage preparations for its nourishing and anti-inflammatory proper ties. Combined with vitamin E, it is an excellent natural deodorant. (INCI dictionary)

AUBREY’S PRESERVATIVE — Natural preservative blend composed of grapefruit extract and antioxidant-rich vitamins A, C and E. This preservative extends the life of products by no less than one year and sometimes as much as three years, depending on the product. (INCI dictionary)

AVENA SATIVA STRAW EXTRACT — Oat Straw. Anti-irritant and softening agent, rich in silica. Used in hair products to improve hair texture and add shine. (INCI dictionary)

BETA VULGARIS — Beet Root Extract. Rich in polysaccharides, this powerful humectant is clinically proven to boost the skin’s natural moisturizing factor, forming a film on the skin that actually locks moisture in for up to 8 hours. Phytonutrients enhance cell renewal and a high antioxidant content protects skin from free radical damage. The extract or juice of beets is also sometimes used as a natural red color in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary) 

BETA-CAROTENE — Orange or red compounds, precursors to vitamin A, which occur naturally in plants. Essential for skin health. (See also Daucus carota sativa root extract.) (INCI dictionary)

BETULA ALBA — White Birch Extract. Powdered extract from the bark of the birch tree, known for its soothing and purifying effect on the skin. Herbalists use it in the treatment of many skin dis- orders. An excellent addition to sun care products and face creams. (INCI dictionary)

BIXA ORELLANA — Annatto, Bixane Herb. The waxy extract from a South American shrub, used as a natural color. Annatto is reddish-brown in color, but when mixed with an acid becomes a deep red. (INCI dictionary)

BORAGO OFFICINALIS SEED OIL — Borage Oil. Nutrient- dense oil high in rare gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), also found in human breast milk. An anti-inflammatory and soothing agent, very beneficial for some dry skin conditions. Combined with Rosa Mosqueta® (Rosa rubiginosa) oil and alfalfa extract (Medicago sativa), borage oil is an excellent ingredient for dry or mature skin preparations. (INCI dictionary)

CAMELLIA SINENSIS OIL , CAMELLIA JAPONICA OIL — White Camellia Oil. Rich oil extracted from the white camellia flower, cul- tivated in the villages of China and Japan and used in hair and skin care formulations for thousands of years. A superb moisturizer and nutrient for hair and skin, it has antioxidant proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

CAMELLIA SINENSIS LEAF EXTRACT, LEAF POWDER Green Tea. The benefits of green tea to the skin have been widely documented. This powerful antioxidant (20 times stronger than vi- tamin E) inhibits the formation of cancer-causing free radicals and helps prevent skin cell damage caused by sun exposure and pol- lution. An impor tant ingredient in sun care products, as well as in creams, lotions, shampoos and conditioners. An anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant, it is high in xanthines, very soothing and moisturiz- ing to both hair and skin. Powdered Matcha green tea from Japan is the finest. (INCI dictionary)

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cayenne Pepper Extract. Its active ingredient, capsaicin (the chemical responsible for making peppers hot) is a powerful analgesic that works by blocking the activity of substance P, responsible for the transmission of pain impulses in the body. An excellent anti-inflammatory and warming agent, used in massage lotions and liniments to soothe tight, overworked muscles and tension. (INCI dictionary)

CITRIC ACID — Extract from citrus fruits used as a natural pH adjuster in cosmetics.Added to shampoos, it acts as a chelating agent, binding to chlorine and iron (from hard water) and removing them from the hair. (INCI dictionary) 

CITRULLUS LANATUS — Watermelon Extract. Used in skin care for its moisturizing effect and as a defense against UV damage to the skin’s DNA. (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA — Lime Oil. Essential oil extracted from the peel of the fruit. A natural antiseptic and tonic, often used as a scent. (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS GRANDIS — Grapefruit Oil. An essential oil extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in creams and lotions for its astrin- gent and skin-freshening proper ties. Sometimes used as a fragrance. CITRUS GRANDIS EXTRACT — Grapefruit Extract. Shown tohave antifungal, antimicrobial and antiviral proper ties. Combined with antioxidant vitamins, it makes an effective plant-based preservative. (INCI dictionary)

CITRUS PARADISI — Grapefruit Oil. An essential oil extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in creams and lotions for its astringent and skin-freshening proper ies. Sometimes used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary) 

CLEMATIS VITALBA LEAF EXTRACT — Clematis. Applied topi- cally, this herb has anti-inflammatory proper ties and a soothing effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

CORTHELLUS SHIITAKE — Shiitake Mushroom Extract. Anti- inflammator y and anti-irritant. Calms and hydrates skin and helps promote skin cell health. Contains kojic acid, which can have a brightening effect on age spots and other imperfections. (INCI dictionary)

CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cucumber. Used in face creams, lotions and cleansers for its astringent, soothing and cooling proper ties. Rich in antioxidant vitamin C, an excellent pro- tector and skin nutrient. (INCI dictionary)

CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA — Guar Gum. Extract from the guar bean, used as a thickener and emulsifier in cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA ROOT EXTRACT — Carrot Oil. The seeds of carrots yield an essential oil rich in beta carotene, orange or red compounds that are precursors to vitamin A and occur naturally in plants. Also high in vitamin E, carrot oil promotes skin cell regeneration and stimulates the production of sebum in dry scalp and skin. Its high antioxidant content makes it an excellent natural preservative in cosmetic formulations. (INCI dictionary)

ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, ECHINACEA PURPUREA — Echinacea, Coneflower. Two varieties of this versatile herb are used both internally and externally in folk medicine as natural antibiotics to treat a variety of ills. A number of studies have pointed to its antibacterial and antifungal proper ties. Its root extract is used in cell therapy and anti-wrinkle creams as a hydrator and firming agent. (INCI dictionary)

EGG OIL — The extract from whole eggs, rich in natural emulsifiers. An excellent emollient and humectant featured in shampoos, rinses and conditioners for dry or damaged hair. In skin care products, it improves texture and soothes and hydrates without clogging pores. (INCI dictionary)

ESSENTIAL OILS — Volatile liquids extracted from plant materials by steam distillation or expression, which contain the characteristic plant aroma. Unlike fixed plant oils (such as olive oil), essential oils evaporate at room temperature and do not leave an oily residue on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

EVERNIA PRUNASTRI — Oakmoss. The extract from a lichen that grows on oak trees, used as a fixative in cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

FATTY ACID ESTERS — Waxes derived from plants or animals, which are less greasy than fatty acid extracts. Jojoba (Simondsia chinensis) and lanolin are examples of fatty acid esters. Used in absorption bases, and as emulsifiers in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary) 

FIR OIL — Abies sibirica. Aromatic extract with antimicrobial and tonic proper ties. An excellent addition to facial cleansers and natural deodorants. Often used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

FUCUS VESICULOSUS EXTRACT — Bladderwrack. Seaweed rich in alginic acid, amino acids, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Its essential oil is a stimulant and tonic. It is often used in massage lotions and some hair and scalp care products. (INCI dictionary)

GALACTOARABINAN — A polysaccharide extracted from the larch tree. In sun care products, it improves the SPF of sunscreens by reducing par ticle size of ingredients, increasing their ability to disperse onto the skin. Has antioxidant proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

GINKGO BILOBA — Ginkgo Leaf Extract. Ancient Chinese herbal used in preparations to combat the effects of aging since 2,800 B.C. An anti-inflammatory and antiallergenic, very soothing to the skin and scalp. Combined with fumitor y in hair care prod- ucts, it increases the hair’s ability to absorb nutrients and improves scalp circulation. (INCI dictionary)

GLYCERIN — Vegetable Glycerin. Rich humectant, emollient and lubricant naturally extracted from vegetable oils, used in cosmetic formulations for thousands of years. (Synthetic glycerin, otherwise known as propylene glycol, is highly irritating to the skin and scalp and should be avoided.) (INCI dictionary)

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS — Sunflower Oil. The extract from sunflower seeds, a rich emollient high in linoleic and oleic essential fatty acids. A good base for massage oils and lotions. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED RHODOPHYCEA — Red Algae Extract. See Algae extract. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED SWEET ALMOND PROTEIN — Protein naturally extracted from almonds, an excellent hair conditioner and nutrient. See also Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein. (INCI dictionary)

JUGLANS REGIA EXTRACT — Walnut Extract. Tonic and astringent, very beneficial to the skin and scalp. Also used as a temporary brown hair color, often in combination with henna. (INCI dictionary)

LAWSONIA INERMIS ALBA — Henna Extract. A staple in sham- poos and hair rinses for thousands of years for its coloring and/or con- ditioning properties. In its most common form, it is used to impar t red or reddish-brown tones to the hair. Non-coloring (neutral) henna adds body and highlights without altering hair color. (INCI dictionary)

LECITHIN — A vegetable extract high in natural fatty acids. Most common sources are soybean oil and eggs. (See also Phospholipids.) (INCI dictionary)

LINUM USITATISSIMUM EXTRACT — Flaxseed Lignans. Phytonutrients found in flaxseeds, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oil-balancing proper ties on the skin. Clini- cal tests show that, applied twice daily, flax lignans decrease sebum production by as much as 20% after 28 days. Used in skin care for- mulations to prevent acne and clogged pores and reduce ingrown hairs and skin bumps caused by shaving. (INCI dictionary)

MAGNOLIA BIONDII — Magnolia Blossom Extract. Natural ton- ic and anti-irritant added to face creams for its slight bleaching effect on the skin. Sometimes used as a fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT CELL CULTURE EXTRACT — Apple Stem Cells. Harvested from a variety of Swiss apples, Uttwil- er Spatlauber, known for their longevity and ability to stay fresh for months, apple stem cells are used in skin care formulations for their anti-aging proper ties. Recent science has also discovered their pow- erful beneficial effect on the hair. Rich in phytonutrients and plant proteins, they nourish and suppor t hair follicles to encourage growth and help maintain hair health. (INCI dictionary)

MEDICAGO SATIVA — Alfalfa Extract. Natural cleanser and mild exfoliant high in vitamins A, B, C, D and E, and minerals. Used in face masks, bath oils, creams, and lotions, alfalfa is also rich in protein, which makes it an excellent ingredient for hair care products. Contains saponins (natural foaming agents). (INCI dictionary)

MELISSA OFFICINALIS — Balm Mint. Very mild extract, ideal for sensitive skin and skin prone to rashes and other allergic reactions. An anti-irritant and sedative, it soothes and calms the skin and scalp and promotes healing. (INCI dictionary)

MORUS ALBA — Morus Root. Extract of mulberry root bark, with anti-inflammator y and humectant proper ties. The Chinese use it for its whitening and smoothing effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

MYRTUS COMMUNIS — Myrtle Herb Extract. Aromatic stimulant and mild tonic sometimes used in suncare products for its soothing effect on sun-irritated skin. (INCI dictionary)

NATURAL FLOWER OIL — Oil extracted from flowers and used in synthetic-free perfumes and colognes. A natural fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

OLEA EUROPAEA LEAF EXTRACT — Olive Leaf Extract. Used for its antibacterial proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

ORYZA SATIVA EXTRACT — Rice Extract. Natur al che- lating agent added to shampoos to improve r inseability by binding to iron (from hard water) and chlor ine and remov- ing them from the hair. Also used as an emulsifier and hu- mectant. (INCI dictionary)

PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT — Ginseng Root. One of the most prized herbs in China. A stimulant and tonic used in facial masks, lotions and overnight creams, it is also an effective ingredient in hair care products for its conditioning properties. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary)

PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS — Pellitory-of-the-Wall. Herbal extract known for its emollient and astringent effects. It is sometimes combined with the mallows elder and arnica in natural moisturizers. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS STROBUS BARK EXTRACT — White Pine Bark. Native Americans used this soothing extract in preparations for dry scalp and skin conditions long before coal tar and other petrochemicals were ever used. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS SYLVESTRIS EXTRACT — Pine Needle Extract. The ex- tract of pine-tree leaves, often blended with witch hazel, red vine and other herbals for its tonic, antiseptic and stimulating effect on the skin. Combined with hops, rosemar y and horsetail, it makes an excellent addition to celltherapy moisturizers. (INCI dictionary)

POLYPODIUM LEUCOTOMOS — Calaguala Fern Extract. Used by Mayan Indians in skin and scalp preparations as far back as 350 B.C., this soothing herbal smoothes and conditions the skin and helps clear and tone the scalp and remove buildup. A superb addition to preparations for dry skin and scalp conditions. (INCI dictionary)

POPULUS TREMULOIDES — Aspen Bark Extract. A natural an- timicrobial, high in salicylates, which act as the plant’s natural defense mechanism. Has a smoothing effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

PUNICA GRANATUM — Pomegranate Extract. A potent antioxidant and nutrient. Helps suppor ts skin cell regeneration. (INCI dictionary)

PYRUS MALUS — Apple Oil. Extracted from the peel of apples and combined with the juice from the pulp. Contains malic acid, an antioxidant and natural pH adjuster. Has a pleasant fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

QUERCUS ALBA — White Oak Bark Extract. Natural astringent. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant proper ties make it beneficial for some skin and scalp conditions. (INCI dictionary)

RAPHANUS SATIVUS — Radish Extract. Antibacterial and astrin- gent. Sometimes used as a natural color. (INCI dictionary)

RIBES NIGRUM — Black Currant Extract. A source of natural fruit acids used in face masks and lotions to encourage a faster turnover of skin cells. (See also Fruit Acids.) (INCI dictionary)

RUBUS IDAEUS — Raspberry Fruit Extract. Antioxidant and astringent. Protects and tones the skin. (INCI dictionary)

SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM — Sugar Cane Extract. A main source of glycolic acid, its mild exfoliating action helps remove dead skin cells and encourage new cell growth. An excellent addition to anti-aging products. (See also Fruit Acids.) Sometimes used as a natural scent. (INCI dictionary)

SALICYLIC ACID — The active ingredient in aspirin, a natural an- ti-inflammatory and exfoliant used in the treatment of acne and preparations for oily skin. Applied topically, it penetrates the fol- licle and encourages the shedding of dead skin cells from within, breaking up oil deposits and debris that can cause blocked pores and blemishes. Natural sources of salicylic acid include willow bark extract (Salix nigra) and wintergreen oil (Gaultheria procumbens). (INCI dictionary)

SECALE CEREALE SEED EXTRACT — Rye Seed Extract. The highly purified extract from r ye seeds. An excellent ingredient in face creams and anti-aging formulations, it provides a gradual and long-lasting firming action and visually smoother skin. Has been shown to significantly reduce the depth and appearance of wrin- kles and fine lines by 25% with twice daily use. (INCI dictionary)

SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED OIL — Jojoba Oil, Jojoba Wax. Waxy oil extracted from the bean, which helps the jojoba des- ert plant retain water during the long summer drought. When used in cosmetic preparations, it not only acts as a humectant, but actually creates a protective film over the skin and hair shaft that helps seal in moisture. The oil is highly stable and very effective on dry skin, dam- aged hair and split ends. (INCI dictionary)

STYRAX BENZOIN EXTRACT — Benzoin Gum, Benzoin Bark. Natural antiseptic and astringent with antioxidant and preser vative proper ties. Promotes healthy skin and scalp. A tincture is used in dentistr y to treat inflammation of gums. (INCI dictionary)

STYRAX BENZOIN RESIN EXTRACT — Benzoin Oil. Antisep- tic, anti-inflammatory and astringent. Used in skin care products, it boosts elasticity and helps calm stressed skin. (INCI dictionary)

THEOBROMA CACAO SEED BUTTER — Cocoa Butter. The solid fat extracted from the seeds of the cacao plant.A rich emollient used in lipsticks, creams, soaps and sun care products for its moistur- izing and soothing proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

TILIA CORDATA — Linden Extract, Lime Tree. The extract from the flowers of the lime tree (also known as linden tree), which contains an essential oil, famesol, similar to aloe and chamomile. An emollient and soothing agent for the skin, also used in eye care for- mulations. (INCI dictionary)

TRITICUM VULGARE — Wheat Germ Oil. Extracted from the embryo of the wheat kernel. An anti-inflammatory and skin nourish- er that also acts as a natural preservative because of its high vitamin E content. (INCI dictionary)

VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS EXTRACT — Bilberry Fruit. Astrin- gent and tonic, the extract of the berries has been shown to in- crease capillar y strength. A source of natural fruit acids, used in facial masks and lotions to promote exfoliation and encourage a more rapid turnover of skin cells. (See also Fruit Acids.) Taken in- ternally, bilberr y is said to improve night vision and help prevent macular degeneration. (INCI dictionary)

VITAMINS A, C AND E — Their combined action, blended with grapefruit extract, makes an excellent natural preservative. (INCI dictionary)

VITIS VINIFERA EXTRACT — Grape Seed Extract. One of the most powerful antioxidants around, high in proanthocyani- dins, a group of bioflavonoids superior to most because they are water-soluble and much more easily assimilated by the body. A hard-working free radical scavenger, it prevents skin cell damage caused by sun exposure and pollution. (INCI dictionary)

VITIS VINIFERA VINE EXTRACT — Red Vine. Extract from the leaves of the grape vine, known for its soothing, toning proper ties, and as an “anti-blotchiness” skin treatment. An anti-inflammatory, it helps reduce redness and irritation. High in antioxidant vitamin C, choline and inositol. (INCI dictionary)

Apple Stem Cells – Malus domestica fruit cell culture extract (INCI dictionary)

Beet Root Extract – Beta vulgaris Benzoin – Styrax benzoin Bergamot Mint – Mentha citrata Bergamot Oil – Citrus bergamia Bilberry Fruit – Vaccinium myr tillus (INCI dictionary)

Calaguala Fern Extract – Polypodium leucotomos (INCI dictionary)

Cayenne Pepper Extract – Capsicum frutescens (INCI dictionary)

Chestnut Extract – Castanea sativa (INCI dictionary)

Citrus Extract, Grapefruit Extract – Citrus grandis (INCI dictionary)

Grape Seed – Vitis vinifera Grapefruit Extract – Citrus grandis Grapefruit Oil – Citrus paradisi (INCI dictionary)

Green Tea – Camellia sinensis extract (INCI dictionary)

Mandarin, Red Mandarin – Citrus reticulata Mandarin Peel Extract – Citrus nobilis Mango Butter – Mangifera indica (INCI dictionary)

Myrtle Herb Extract – Myr tus communis (INCI dictionary)

Oat Straw – Avena sativa straw extract (INCI dictionary)

Olive Oil, Kernel Powder, Leaf Extract – Olea europaea (INCI dictionary)

Pine Needle Extract, Oil – Pinus sylvestris (INCI dictionary)

Raspberry Fruit Extract – Rubus idaeus (INCI dictionary)

Red Algae Extract – Algae Extract (INCI dictionary)

Rice Extract, Starch, Wax – Or yza sativa (INCI dictionary)

Rye Seed Extract – Secale cereale Safflower Oil – Car thamus tinctorius Sage Oil – Salvia officinalis Sandalwood Oil – Santalum album Sarsaparilla Root – Smilax utilis Sassafras – Sassafras officinale (INCI dictionary)

Shiitake Mushroom Extract – Cor thellus shiitake Siberian Pine Needle Oil, Fir Oil – Abies sibirica Skullcap – Scutellaria baicalensis (INCI dictionary)

Walnut Extract, Shells – Juglans regia Water, Deionized Water – Aqua Watercress – Nastur tium officinale Watermelon extract – Citrullus lanatus Wheat Germ Oil – Triticum vulgare Wheatgrass – Triticum aestivum (INCI dictionary)

White Birch Extract – Betula alba (INCI dictionary)

White Oak Bark Extract – Quercus alba (INCI dictionary)

ACAI BERRY EXTRACT: Ranks among the most powerful antioxidants in the natural antioxidant grading system developed by the National Institute on Aging in the National Institutes of Health. Especially effective in protecting against damage from UV radiation. Used in CSRx Antioxidant Defense Complex. (cellularskinrx.com)

ALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN BARK EXTRACT: This is a plant often called the Persian silk tree” or “mimosa.” Protects skin cells by producing melatonin. It works by improving respiration, ridding the skin of toxic glycogens, increasing cellular energy and reducing the formation of AGE pigments (cellularskinrx.com)

ASSA FOTETIDA ROOT EXTRACT: This root extract protects skin from UV light-derived free radicals that cause damage to skin cell DNA. These unstable molecules are the root cause of wrinkle formation, inflammation and skin sensitivity. (cellularskinrx.com)

BETA CAROTENE EXTRACT: This is pro-vitamin A in its strongest most active antioxidant form. It protects cell DNA from free radical damage, prolongs cell life and health. (cellularskinrx.com)

CAROB SEED EXTRACT: Phyto-repair molecules restore the balance of natural regenerative skin systems depleted by age. Accelerates the recovery of stressed skin tissue. Reduces redness, inflammation. Skin's resilience, color, and volume are increased. (cellularskinrx.com)

DARUTOSIDE: Also known as Siegesbeckia orientalis, Darutoside is a plant extract that is rich in emollients. By soothing the skin, decreasing inflammation, restoring collagen and promoting collagen production, this extract helps to improve skin elasticity and brightens surface appearance. Darutoside has been shown to stimulate tissue regeneration via collagen fibres which improves skin elasticity. (cellularskinrx.com)

FRUIT FERMENT EXTRACT: Fruit enzymes gently dissolve dead skin cells, eating the cells. A naturally gentle exfoliator. (cellularskinrx.com)

GOGI FRUIT EXTRACT: Gogi Fruit Extract ranks among the most powerful in the natural antioxidant grading system developed by the national Institute on Aging in the National Institutes of Health. Absorbs oxygen-related free radicals before they damage skin cells when used topically. (cellularskinrx.com)

GREEN TEA EXTRACT: A powerful antioxidant that protects skin from free radical damage that causes premature aging. The polyphenols in green tea act as free radical scavengers soaking up these unstable molecules before they can damage the collagen layer. Green tea extract has also been shown to soothe, heal and calm irritated skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

HELICHRYSUM ITALICUM EXTRACT: Helichrysum Italicum Extract inhibits the visible effects of cortisol, controlling signs of aging due to stress. Naturally anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, and anti-microbial. Starts working immediately upon application. (cellularskinrx.com)

HYDROLYZED RICE BRAN EXTRACT: The extract regulates melanin production and has been used in far eastern cultures for years to help brighten and lighten the complexion. Rice bran extract also contains lipoic acid, an antioxidant and vitamin B5, (niacin) to help improve cellular circulation. (cellularskinrx.com)

LACTOBACILLUS/PUNICA GRANATUM/POMEGRANATE: An enzyme/bacteria derived from the pomegranate. Pomegranate is a powerful antioxidant. Fermented fruit extract derived from this wonderful fruit help to absorb free radicals while dissolving dead skin cells. (cellularskinrx.com)

LEMON EXTRACT: It is a natural alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) that helps to brighten, lighten, and purify the skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

LICORICE ROOT EXTRACT: This extract helps to reduce redness caused by stress, acne and rosacea. (cellularskinrx.com)

MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT STEM CELL EXTRACT: This rare stem cell extracts prolongs epidermal cell life and encourages epidermal stem cells to produce more new cells. Protects existing skin cells from DNA damage caused by oxidative stress and UV light. Next Generation Anti-Aging Component of the most effective skin care products. (cellularskinrx.com)

NONI FRUIT EXTRACT: Noni Fruit Extract ranks among the most powerful in the natural antioxidant grading system developed by the national Institute on Aging in the National Institutes of Health. Absorbs oxygen-related free radicals before they damage skin cells when used topically. (cellularskinrx.com)

RED ALGAE EXTRACT: This extract (hypnea musciformis) provides protection from glycation and cellular/skin tissue damage evidenced by stiff, dull skin. The extract reduces redness and inflammation by reducing the overproduction of TNF-a. It strengthens the skin barrier by inducing involucrin synthesis. MMP1 and MMP3 enzyme activation is limited - these are implicated in the degradation of the dermal matrix. Red algae is excellent at restoring skin's normal cellular matrix within 28 days. Elasticity, firmness, good skin tone are the result. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

SEA WHIP: Sea Whip calms and soothes skin prone to irritation. Sea Whip provides the strongest soothing action of all sea plant-derived extracts. Helps to reduce visible redness and other signs of sensitivity. It inhibits 90% of inflammatory enzyme PLA2 which is known to trigger the skin's inflammation response that leads to redness, discomfort, and PIH (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation). Used in Calming BioLipid Repair Creme and Fluid. (cellularskinrx.com)

THERMUS FERMENT EXTRACT: Repairs and protects against heat-activated free radicals that destroy DNA, cell membranes and skin-protecting lipids. Used in CSRx Antioxidant Defense Complex. (cellularskinrx.com)

WHITE TEA EXTRACT: Neutralizes free radicals caused by exposure to smog, cigarette smoke and other forms of air pollution. Helps keep skin comfortable and hydrated regardless of air quality. (cellularskinrx.com)

YUCCA EXTRACT: A natural cleanser that helps remove excess oil and dirt without drying the skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

Fish Liver Oil: Used in vitamins and supplements. In milk fortified with vitamin D. Alternatives: yeast extract ergosterol, exposure of skin to sunshine. (peta.org)

Allantoin: Uric acid from cows, most mammals. Also in many plants (especially comfrey). In cosmetics (especially creams and lotions) and used in treatment of wounds and ulcers. Derivatives: Alcloxa, Aldioxa. Alternatives: extract of comfrey root, synthetics. (peta.org)

Myristic Acid: Organic acid typically derived from nut oils but occasionally of animal origin. Used in shampoos, creams, cosmetics. In food flavorings. Derivatives: Isopropyl Myristate, Myristal Ether Sulfate, Myristyls, Oleyl Myristate. Alternatives: nut butters, oil of lovage, coconut oil, extract from seed kernels of nutmeg, etc. (peta.org)

Urea Carbamide: Typically synthetic. When extracted from animals, it is excreted from urine and other bodily fluids. In deodorants, ammoniated dentifrices, mouthwashes, hair colorings, hand creams, lotions, shampoos, etc. Used to “brown” baked goods, such as pretzels. Derivatives: Imidazolidinyl Urea, Uric Acid. Alternatives: synthetics. (peta.org)

Musk (Oil): Dried secretion painfully obtained from musk deer, beaver, muskrat, civet cat, and otter genitals. Wild cats are kept captive in cages in horrible conditions and are whipped around the genitals to produce the scent; beavers are trapped; deer are shot. In perfumes and in food flavorings. Alternatives: labdanum oil (from various rockrose shrubs) and extracts from other plants with a musky scent. (peta.org)

Lanolin Lanolin Acids Wool Fat Wool Wax: A product of the oil glands of sheep, extracted from their wool. Used as an emollient in many skin-care products and cosmetics and in medicines. An allergen with no proven effectiveness. (See Wool for cruelty to sheep.) Derivatives: Aliphatic Alcohols, Cholesterin, Isopropyl Lanolate, Laneth, Lanogene, Lanolin Alcohols, Lanosterols, Sterols, Triterpene Alcohols. Alternatives: plant and vegetable oils. (peta.org)

Concentration: There are four major concentrations of fragrance you can buy. They reflect not only the longevity of fragrance, but also its ingredients and qualities. From the least concentrated (smaller perfume oil ratio in relation to alcohol) to highest: Eau de Cologne, with around 2–5 % perfume oils; Eau de Toilette, with around 5–20% perfume oils; Eau de Parfum, with around 10–30% perfume oils; and Extrait or Extract, at around 20—40% concentration. (intothegloss.com)

Headspace technology: A method pioneered in the 1970s of capturing scent molecules and reconstructing their smell for perfumes. A bell-jar like apparatus is placed over the scented object and the molecules are extracted and saved. Once they’re analyzed, a synthetic version is created. This is how perfumes that are hard to distill, like gardenia, and notes like dirt, in Demeter’s much-lauded Dirt, are created. (intothegloss.com)

Neroli: The essential oil from steam-distilling the orange flowers from the Seville Orange or Citrus aurantiam. It has a sharper, more citrus scent than orange blossom, which comes from the same flowers. Petit grain is the essential oil extracted from this same plant’s leaves and twigs, producing a woody-herbaceous scent used often in men’s fragrances. L’Artisan’s Seville À L’Aube features orange blossom. Tom Ford’s Neroli Portofino showcases the steam-distilled orange flower essence, and Comme des Garçons Energy C Grapefruit has petit grain. (intothegloss.com)

ABSOLUTE: Highly concentrated perfume ingredient obtained by the alcohol extraction of the concrete. The concrete is obtained by the solvent extract of the plant material. (fragrance.org)

CONCRETE: Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. (fragrance.org)

ENFLEURAGE: In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. (fragrance.org)

EXPRESSION: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner. (fragrance.org)

EXTRACTION: Extraction with volatile solvents is the most effective and commonly used method to obtain essences. (fragrance.org)

EXTRACTS: Concentrated perfume or flower products obtained through the process of extraction using volatile solvents. (fragrance.org)

MACERATION: Is a method used to process flowers by steeping them in hot fats. The steeping process produces pomades. These are washed in alcohol for purification, and from this scented mixture, the extract of floral oil is obtained. (fragrance.org)

NEROLI OIL: Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. (fragrance.org)

RESINOIDS: Extracts of gums, balsams, resins or roots (orris), which consist in whole or in part of resinous materials. They are generally used as fixatives in perfume compositions. (fragrance.org)

SOLVENTS: Volatile fluids used to extract water insoluble, odorous substances from plant material. The solvent extract of a plant material is called a concrete. (fragrance.org)

Clay Lighteners: Clay lighteners are lightening powders that contain organic pigments and also (they claim) 17 amino acids, silk extracts, olive oil, panthenol and milk, as well as being ammonia free. They are not clay at all and are simply promoted as natural and better for the condition of the hair. They are effective, but can easily be over-processed and can cause serious damage to the hair shaft if adequate care is not taken. (thehairstyler.com)

RootBioTec HO (oil-based version): Ocimum Basilicum Hairy Root Culture Extract (and) Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil (and) Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil (mibellebiochemistry.com/products/rootbiotec-ho)

PHYTELENE COMPLEX from Greentech USA (haircare active ingredient): Butylene Glycol (and) Aqua (and) Lamium Album Flower Extract (and) Pinus Sylvestris Cone Extract (and) Arctium Lappa Root Extract (and) Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract (and) Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract (and) Hedera Helix (Ivy) Extract ()

Rosemary Leaf Water, Alcohol Denatured, Water, Glycerin, Lemon Peel Oil, Butylene Glycol, Pentylene Glycol, Cupressus Sempervirens Leaf/Nut/Stem Oil, Fragrance, Melaleuca Leucadendron Cajaput Oil, Rosemary Leaf Oil, Sage Oil, Saw Palmetto Fruit Extract, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture Extract, Limonene, Ylang Ylang Flower Oil, Shiitake Extract, Grape Seed Extract, Linalool, Isoeugenol, Geraniol, Eugenol, Farnesol, Benzyl Benzoate, Xanthan Gum, Glycoprotein, Methylsilanol, Geramannuronate, Acetyl Tetrapeptide 2, Dextran, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate, Sorbic Acid. (Phytolium serum ingredients)

Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Alcohol Denat. (Alcool De Betterave), Viburnum Prunifolium Extract, Hydrolyzed Soy Protein, 3 Aminopropane Sulfonic Acid, Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate, Pvp, Pyridoxine Hcl (Vitamine B6), Ethyl Ester Of Hydrolyzed Silk, Panthenol (Provitamine B5), Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract (Procyanidols De Raisin), Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract (Extrait De Thé), Propylene Glycol, Methylsilanol Acetyltyrosine. (Phytocyan serum ingredients)

Witch hazel is a small tree known for its softening, soothing properties. When formulating their family toiletry range, Yves Rocher Vegetal Biology Laboratories selected an organic witch hazel extract, obtained according to special rules of cultivation and extraction designed to deliver its properties intact. (yvesrocher.ca)

Cinchona Succirubra Bark Extract (Quinquina), Sodium Laureth Sulfate (Dérivé D'huile De Coco), Water / Aqua (Eau Purifiée), Cocamidopropyl Betaine (Dérivé D'huile De Coco), Lauryl Glucoside, Peg-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmate, Peg-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein Pg-Propyl Silanetriol (Dérivé De Blé), Fragrance / Parfum, Panthenol (Provitamine B5), Propylene Glycol, Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Pyridoxine Hcl, Vitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Extract (Procyanidols De Raisin), Phenoxyethanol, Parabens (Ethyl, Butyl), Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone, Citric Acid, Tetrasodium Edta, Sodium Chloride. (Phytocyan shampoo ingredients)

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract, Peg-33 Castor Oil (Dérivé D'huile De Ricin), Sodium Lauroyl Oat Amino Acids, Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Oil (Sauge), Citrus Medica Limonum (Lemon) Peel Oil (Citron), Rosmarinus Officinalis ( Rosemary) Leaf Oil (Romarin), Juniperus Communis Fruit Oil (Baie De Genièvre), Palmitoyl Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein (Dérivé D'acides Aminés De Blé), Vinegar / Acetum, Propylene Glycol, Citral, Limonene, Phenoxyethanol*, Parabens (Butyl, Ethyl)*, Methylisothiazolinone*, Methylchloroisothiazolinone*, Polysorbate 20, Beta-Carotene. (Huile d ales ingredients)

AQUA /WATER/EAU, COCO-GLUCOSIDE, DISODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE, CITRIC ACID, TETRASODIUM GLUTAMATE DIACETATE, CLIMBAZOLE, SODIUM COCOYL GLUTAMATE, PARFUM (FRAGRANCE), SALICYLIC ACID, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SORBIC ACID, PERSEA GRATISSIMA (AVOCADO) FRUIT EXTRACT (Foam Shampoo for Newborns (mustela.com))

AQUA/WATER/EAU, GLYCERIN, COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE, SODIUM MYRETH SULFATE, COCO-GLUCOSIDE, GLYCERYL CAPRYLATE, PEG-150 DISTEARATE, PARFUM (FRAGRANCE), POLYQUATERNIUM-10, PANTHENOL, CITRIC ACID, POTASSIUM SORBATE, BUTYLENE GLYCOL, CHAMOMILLA RECUTITA (MATRICARIA) FLOWER EXTRACT, PERSEA GRATISSIMA (AVOCADO) FRUIT EXTRACT, CARAME (Gentle Shampoo (mustela.com))

Alcohol Denat., Cyclopentasiloxane, Octyldodecanol, Caviar Extract, Tocopheryl Acetate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Mica, Beta-Carotene, Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, Propylene Glycol, Benzophenone-3, Bht, Parfum (Fragrance), Hexyl Cinnamal, D-Limonene, Citronellol, Geraniol, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Hydroxyisohexyl-3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde, Linalool, Gold (Ci 77480), Titanium Dioxide (Ci 77891), Iron Oxide (Ci 77491). (Miriam Quevedo Sublime Gold Shampoo)

extraction = استخراج

ABSOLUTE: Highly concentrated perfume ingredient obtained by the alcohol extraction of the concrete. The concrete is obtained by the solvent extract of the plant material. (fragrance.org)

CONCRETE: Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. (fragrance.org)

ENFLEURAGE: In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. (fragrance.org)

EXTRACTION: Extraction with volatile solvents is the most effective and commonly used method to obtain essences. (fragrance.org)

EXTRACTS: Concentrated perfume or flower products obtained through the process of extraction using volatile solvents. (fragrance.org)

Witch hazel is a small tree known for its softening, soothing properties. When formulating their family toiletry range, Yves Rocher Vegetal Biology Laboratories selected an organic witch hazel extract, obtained according to special rules of cultivation and extraction designed to deliver its properties intact. (yvesrocher.ca)

extractions = تخلیه کومدون های پوستی

ALGAE EXTRACT = عصاره جلبک، سرشار از اسید امینه، ویتامین ث و ویتامین ب-12.

ALGAE EXTRACT — A blend of different varieties of red algae, this powerful nutrient is rich in amino acids, antioxidant vitamin C and vitamin B-12. (INCI dictionary) 

HYDROLYZED RHODOPHYCEA — Red Algae Extract. See Algae extract. (INCI dictionary)

Red Algae Extract – Algae Extract (INCI dictionary)

RED ALGAE EXTRACT: This extract (hypnea musciformis) provides protection from glycation and cellular/skin tissue damage evidenced by stiff, dull skin. The extract reduces redness and inflammation by reducing the overproduction of TNF-a. It strengthens the skin barrier by inducing involucrin synthesis. MMP1 and MMP3 enzyme activation is limited - these are implicated in the degradation of the dermal matrix. Red algae is excellent at restoring skin's normal cellular matrix within 28 days. Elasticity, firmness, good skin tone are the result. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

clover extract = عصاره شبدر 

Herbal Extract = عصاره گیاهی

TONICS — Herbal extracts that soothe, clarify, stimulate or otherwise improve the condition of the skin, hair and scalp. These are typically extracted in vegetable glycerin, water or natural grain alcohol, or added as essential oils. Examples: horsetail, nettle, ginseng, chamomile. (INCI dictionary) 

ARNICA MONTANA — Arnica Oil. Herbal extract used in hair tonics and massage preparations for its nourishing and anti-inflammatory proper ties. Combined with vitamin E, it is an excellent natural deodorant. (INCI dictionary)

PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS — Pellitory-of-the-Wall. Herbal extract known for its emollient and astringent effects. It is sometimes combined with the mallows elder and arnica in natural moisturizers. (INCI dictionary)

plant extracts = عصاره گیاهان

herbal extracts = عصاره های گیاهی

TONICS — Herbal extracts that soothe, clarify, stimulate or otherwise improve the condition of the skin, hair and scalp. These are typically extracted in vegetable glycerin, water or natural grain alcohol, or added as essential oils. Examples: horsetail, nettle, ginseng, chamomile. (INCI dictionary) 

comedone extractor = ابزار تخلیه کومدون

manual extractions = تخلیه با دست

Placental extracts = عصاره های به دست آمده از جفت جنین

solvent extraction = استخراج با حلال

CONCRETE: Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. (fragrance.org)

comedone extraction = تخلیه کومدون

perform extractions = انجام دادن تخلیه کومدون پوست

ORYZA SATIVA EXTRACT = عصاره برنج

ORYZA SATIVA EXTRACT — Rice Extract. Natur al che- lating agent added to shampoos to improve r inseability by binding to iron (from hard water) and chlor ine and remov- ing them from the hair. Also used as an emulsifier and hu- mectant. (INCI dictionary)

Criste marine extract = عصاره رازیانه دریایی

JUGLANS REGIA EXTRACT = عصاره گردو

JUGLANS REGIA EXTRACT — Walnut Extract. Tonic and astringent, very beneficial to the skin and scalp. Also used as a temporary brown hair color, often in combination with henna. (INCI dictionary)

STYRAX BENZOIN EXTRACT = صمغ بنزوین, پوست بنزوین

STYRAX BENZOIN EXTRACT — Benzoin Gum, Benzoin Bark. Natural antiseptic and astringent with antioxidant and preser vative proper ties. Promotes healthy skin and scalp. A tincture is used in dentistr y to treat inflammation of gums. (INCI dictionary)

VITIS VINIFERA EXTRACT = عصاره هسته انگور

VITIS VINIFERA EXTRACT — Grape Seed Extract. One of the most powerful antioxidants around, high in proanthocyani- dins, a group of bioflavonoids superior to most because they are water-soluble and much more easily assimilated by the body. A hard-working free radical scavenger, it prevents skin cell damage caused by sun exposure and pollution. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS SYLVESTRIS EXTRACT = عصاره سوزن کاج

PINUS SYLVESTRIS EXTRACT — Pine Needle Extract. The ex- tract of pine-tree leaves, often blended with witch hazel, red vine and other herbals for its tonic, antiseptic and stimulating effect on the skin. Combined with hops, rosemar y and horsetail, it makes an excellent addition to celltherapy moisturizers. (INCI dictionary)

carbon dioxide extraction = استخراج با دی اکسید کربن، کربن دی اکسید سوپرکریتیکال یا فوق بحرانی، حالت مایع دی اکسید کربن است که در آن، دما و فشار بیش از نقطه بحرانی می باشد. دی اکسید کربن فوق بحرانی یک حلال صنعتی است که در استخراج مواد شیمیایی نقش دارد و به علت سمیت کم و عدم داشتن اثرات سوء برای محیط زیست محبوبیت دارد.

ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACT = باباآدم

ARCTIUM LAPPA ROOT EXTRACT — Burdock. Antiseptic and antibacterial used topically to calm certain skin conditions. Its oil extract smoothes and revitalizes the hair and tones and soothes the scalp. An excellent ingredient in conditioners, anti-frizz hair care products and styling aids for coarse, curly, hard-to-handle hair. (INCI dictionary)

PHYTELENE COMPLEX from Greentech USA (haircare active ingredient): Butylene Glycol (and) Aqua (and) Lamium Album Flower Extract (and) Pinus Sylvestris Cone Extract (and) Arctium Lappa Root Extract (and) Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract (and) Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract (and) Hedera Helix (Ivy) Extract ()

OLEA EUROPAEA LEAF EXTRACT = عصاره برگ زیتون

OLEA EUROPAEA LEAF EXTRACT — Olive Leaf Extract. Used for its antibacterial proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT = ریشه جینسینگ

PANAX GINSENG ROOT EXTRACT — Ginseng Root. One of the most prized herbs in China. A stimulant and tonic used in facial masks, lotions and overnight creams, it is also an effective ingredient in hair care products for its conditioning properties. Contains saponins. (INCI dictionary)

PINUS STROBUS BARK EXTRACT = پوست کاج سفید

PINUS STROBUS BARK EXTRACT — White Pine Bark. Native Americans used this soothing extract in preparations for dry scalp and skin conditions long before coal tar and other petrochemicals were ever used. (INCI dictionary)

LINUM USITATISSIMUM EXTRACT = لیگنان بذر کتان

LINUM USITATISSIMUM EXTRACT — Flaxseed Lignans. Phytonutrients found in flaxseeds, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oil-balancing proper ties on the skin. Clini- cal tests show that, applied twice daily, flax lignans decrease sebum production by as much as 20% after 28 days. Used in skin care for- mulations to prevent acne and clogged pores and reduce ingrown hairs and skin bumps caused by shaving. (INCI dictionary)

SECALE CEREALE SEED EXTRACT = عصاره دانه چاودار

SECALE CEREALE SEED EXTRACT — Rye Seed Extract. The highly purified extract from r ye seeds. An excellent ingredient in face creams and anti-aging formulations, it provides a gradual and long-lasting firming action and visually smoother skin. Has been shown to significantly reduce the depth and appearance of wrin- kles and fine lines by 25% with twice daily use. (INCI dictionary)

VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS EXTRACT = میوه زغال اخته

VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS EXTRACT — Bilberry Fruit. Astrin- gent and tonic, the extract of the berries has been shown to in- crease capillar y strength. A source of natural fruit acids, used in facial masks and lotions to promote exfoliation and encourage a more rapid turnover of skin cells. (See also Fruit Acids.) Taken in- ternally, bilberr y is said to improve night vision and help prevent macular degeneration. (INCI dictionary)

VITIS VINIFERA VINE EXTRACT = انگور قرمز

VITIS VINIFERA VINE EXTRACT — Red Vine. Extract from the leaves of the grape vine, known for its soothing, toning proper ties, and as an “anti-blotchiness” skin treatment. An anti-inflammatory, it helps reduce redness and irritation. High in antioxidant vitamin C, choline and inositol. (INCI dictionary)

STYRAX BENZOIN RESIN EXTRACT = روغن بنزوین

STYRAX BENZOIN RESIN EXTRACT — Benzoin Oil. Antisep- tic, anti-inflammatory and astringent. Used in skin care products, it boosts elasticity and helps calm stressed skin. (INCI dictionary)

CLEMATIS VITALBA LEAF EXTRACT = کلماتیس

CLEMATIS VITALBA LEAF EXTRACT — Clematis. Applied topi- cally, this herb has anti-inflammatory proper ties and a soothing effect on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT = خیار

CUCUMIS SATIVUS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cucumber. Used in face creams, lotions and cleansers for its astringent, soothing and cooling proper ties. Rich in antioxidant vitamin C, an excellent pro- tector and skin nutrient. (INCI dictionary)

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS FRUIT EXTRACT = عصاره فلفل هندی

CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS FRUIT EXTRACT — Cayenne Pepper Extract. Its active ingredient, capsaicin (the chemical responsible for making peppers hot) is a powerful analgesic that works by blocking the activity of substance P, responsible for the transmission of pain impulses in the body. An excellent anti-inflammatory and warming agent, used in massage lotions and liniments to soothe tight, overworked muscles and tension. (INCI dictionary)

DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA ROOT EXTRACT = روغن هویج

BETA-CAROTENE — Orange or red compounds, precursors to vitamin A, which occur naturally in plants. Essential for skin health. (See also Daucus carota sativa root extract.) (INCI dictionary)

DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA ROOT EXTRACT — Carrot Oil. The seeds of carrots yield an essential oil rich in beta carotene, orange or red compounds that are precursors to vitamin A and occur naturally in plants. Also high in vitamin E, carrot oil promotes skin cell regeneration and stimulates the production of sebum in dry scalp and skin. Its high antioxidant content makes it an excellent natural preservative in cosmetic formulations. (INCI dictionary)

MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT CELL CULTURE EXTRACT = سلول های بنیادی سیب

MALUS DOMESTICA FRUIT CELL CULTURE EXTRACT — Apple Stem Cells. Harvested from a variety of Swiss apples, Uttwil- er Spatlauber, known for their longevity and ability to stay fresh for months, apple stem cells are used in skin care formulations for their anti-aging proper ties. Recent science has also discovered their pow- erful beneficial effect on the hair. Rich in phytonutrients and plant proteins, they nourish and suppor t hair follicles to encourage growth and help maintain hair health. (INCI dictionary)

Apple Stem Cells – Malus domestica fruit cell culture extract (INCI dictionary)

Rosemary Leaf Water, Alcohol Denatured, Water, Glycerin, Lemon Peel Oil, Butylene Glycol, Pentylene Glycol, Cupressus Sempervirens Leaf/Nut/Stem Oil, Fragrance, Melaleuca Leucadendron Cajaput Oil, Rosemary Leaf Oil, Sage Oil, Saw Palmetto Fruit Extract, Malus Domestica Fruit Cell Culture Extract, Limonene, Ylang Ylang Flower Oil, Shiitake Extract, Grape Seed Extract, Linalool, Isoeugenol, Geraniol, Eugenol, Farnesol, Benzyl Benzoate, Xanthan Gum, Glycoprotein, Methylsilanol, Geramannuronate, Acetyl Tetrapeptide 2, Dextran, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate, Sorbic Acid. (Phytolium serum ingredients)

An extraction is a procedure in which comedones are removed from the follicle by manual manipulation = تخلیه به خارج کردن کومدون از فولیکول با روش دستی گفته می شود

EXTRACTION, Extraction with volatile solvents is the most effective and commonly used method to obtain essences. = استخراج: استخراج با حلال های فرّار موثرترین و رایج ترین روش به دست آوردن گیاهان است.

EXTRACTS, Concentrated perfume or flower products obtained through the process of extraction using volatile solvents. = عصاره: محصولات حاصل از استخراج با حلالهای فرّار كه تغلیظ شده است.

ABSOLUTE, Highly concentrated perfume ingredient obtained by the alcohol extraction of the concrete. The concrete is obtained by the solvent extract of the plant material. = ابسولوت به ماده عطری بسیار غلیظ می‌گویند كه با استخراج الكلی كانكریت­ها به دست می‌آید. كانكریت با روش استخراج با حلال از گیاهان به دست می‌آید.

CONCRETE, Solid waxy substance obtained by the solvent extraction of plant material, e.g., flowers, bark, leaves, etc. The absolute is obtained by alcohol extraction of the concrete. = كانكریت: ماده مومی شكل جامد كه با روش استخراج با حلال از مواد گیاهی مثل گلها، ساقه و برگ درختان به دست می آید. ابسولوت از استخراج الكلی كانكریت ها به دست می آید.

EXPRESSION, Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner. = فشردن یا افشردن یا متراكم سازی: یكی از روشهای بدست آوردن اسانس روغنی گیاهان است كه در آن ماده اولیه چلانده یا متراكم می شود تا روغن آن خارج شود. در میان روغنهای معطر فقط پوست میوه مركبات با این روش اسانسشان استخراج می شود.

MACERATION, Is a method used to process flowers by steeping them in hot fats. The steeping process produces pomades. These are washed in alcohol for purification, and from this scented mixture, the extract of floral oil is obtained. = ماسیراسیون: روشی است كه در آن گلها را وارد روغن داغ می كنند سپس پماد به دست آمده را با الكل می شویند.

solvent extraction, Liquid–liquid extraction also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. = استخراج با حلال یا استخراج مایع مایع که به آن پارتیشنینگ نیز می گویند، روشی برای جداسازی ترکیبات بر مبنای حلالیت نسبی آن ها به دو فاز مایع غیر قابل امتزاج (معمولا آب و فاز حلال ارگانیک) می باشد

ENFLEURAGE, In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. = انفلوراژ: در این فرایند مواد معطر به داخل یك ماده مومی شكل جذب می شود و سپس روغنهای معطر با اتیل الكل جدا می شود. استخراج با انفلوراژ برای گیاهان ظریف استفاده می شود كه در اثر تقطیر ممكن است ملكولهای مواد معطرشان تخریب شود.

NEROLI OIL, Neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree and has a beautiful aroma that appeals to men and women alike. In common with rose and jasmine, neroli oil is almost a complete fragrance in itself and forms the heart of one of the worlds most enduring perfumes, ‘Eau de Cologne’. = روغن نرولی: روغنی كه از شكوفه معطر پرتقال تلخ به دست می آید.

Fermented Extracts = عصاره های تخمیری، مایعاتی که در اثر تخمیر گیاه یا میکروارگانیسم تازه تخمیرشده به دست می آید

compound = ترکیب

BENZYL ACETATE — Organic compound found in flowers. Used as a natural fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

BETA-CAROTENE — Orange or red compounds, precursors to vitamin A, which occur naturally in plants. Essential for skin health. (See also Daucus carota sativa root extract.) (INCI dictionary)

DAUCUS CAROTA SATIVA ROOT EXTRACT — Carrot Oil. The seeds of carrots yield an essential oil rich in beta carotene, orange or red compounds that are precursors to vitamin A and occur naturally in plants. Also high in vitamin E, carrot oil promotes skin cell regeneration and stimulates the production of sebum in dry scalp and skin. Its high antioxidant content makes it an excellent natural preservative in cosmetic formulations. (INCI dictionary)

DEHYDROACETIC ACID — An organic compound used in cos- metic preparations for its antibacterial and antifungal proper ties. A natural preservative. (INCI dictionary)

FRUIT ACIDS — A group of acids naturally occurring in fruits and herbs, used in cosmetics for thousands of years to clear and smooth the complexion. They work by loosening the “glue” that holds the outer layer of cells to the surface of your skin, there- by encouraging exfoliation and more rapid turnover of skin cells. The patented trade name for fruit acids is Alpha-hydroxy acids, which are synthetically derived in most commercial formulations. (Alpha-hydroxy acids are now common ingredients in cosmetics, but were originally used as solvents in cleaning compounds and for tanning leather.) Some natural sources for fruit acids include bilberry herb, black currant, grapefruit, tomato, wine and grapes (glycolic, malic, pyruvic, benzylic, citric, tartaric and lactic acids). (INCI dictionary) 

IODIDES — Compounds containing iodine, naturally occurring in plants that grow in the sea. Applied topically, they are excellent antiseptics. (INCI dictionary)

POTASSIUM SORBATE — The potassium salt of sorbic acid, a natural compound isolated from the oil of the rowan or mountain ash berry. A mild preservative used in foods, herbal supplements and cosmetics for its anti-microbial and anti-fungal proper ties. (INCI dictionary)

SILYBUM MARIANUM — Milk Thistle. Detoxifier used internally in the treatment of liver disorders. Clinical studies have shown its active compound silymarin, a flavonoid with strong antioxidant proper ties, helps protect skin cells from free radical damage caused by sun exposure and pollution. Very soothing to the skin and scalp. (INCI dictionary)

LIPOSHIELD®: Also know as phyto-melanin. Liposhield® is the first cosmetic ingredient designed to protect the skin from damaging high energy visible (HEV) light. It is a fractionated melanin compound, and can be used as an additional environmental defense against High Energy Visible light (HEV). It is designed to shield the skin from high energy blue/violet visible light. This novel, patent-pending ingredient may help to prevent premature aging and hyperpigmentation. (cellularskinrx.com)

PHYTO-MELANIN: Also known as Liposhield®, Phyto-Melanin is the first cosmetic ingredient designed to protect the skin from damaging high energy visible (HEV) light. It is a fractionated melanin compound, and can be used as an additional environmental defense against High Energy Visible light (HEV). It is designed to shield the skin from high energy blue/violet visible light. This novel, patent-pending ingredient may help to prevent premature aging and hyperpigmentation. (cellularskinrx.com)

ALCOHOL: Denatured ethyl alcohol is added to a fragrance compound to serve as the carrier. It modifies the fragrance intensity and makes application to the skin easier. Concentration of alcohol to perfume oils varies from perfumer to perfumer. (fragrance.org)

AMBERGRIS: Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale. Ambergris is commonly referred to as “amber” in perfumery. (fragrance.org)

COMPOUND: A compound is a completed perfume formulation ready to be used in a product. The term “composition” and compound are interchangeable. (fragrance.org)

COUMARIN: A chemical compound with a sweet, distinctive vanilla-like odor with grassy elements. Found naturally in some plants, it may also be produced synthetically. It is used by perfumers as a base note to add warmth and depth. (fragrance.org)

DISTILLATION: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are recollected through condensation of the distilled vapour. (fragrance.org)

ENFLEURAGE: In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. (fragrance.org)

SPECIALTIES: Natural oils, natural isolates or synthetics, either alone or in combination, which are used as building blocks for fragrance compounds. They are less complex than a finished fragrance compound. They may be an end-product of special processing treatments or unique raw materials. A single company under a trade name usually supplies them. (fragrance.org)

cosmetic compounds = ترکیبات آرایشی

aminovinyl compound = ترکیب آمینووینیلی

nitrogen containing compound = ترکیبات حاوی نیتروژن

volatile organic compounds or VOCs = ترکیبات آلی فرار

biosurfactants, amphiphilic compounds produced on living surfaces = بیوسورفکتانت ها، ترکیبات آمفی فیلی (دو خصلتی) که توسط ارگانیسم های سطحی تولید می شوند

chelating, The combination of a metal ion with a chemical compound to form a ring = شلات کردن، کیلیت کردن، اتصال یون فلزی به یک ماده شیمیایی

hydroxysuccinimide, N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula C4H5NO3 = ان هیدروکسی سوکسینیمید یا NHS، ترکیب آلی با فرمول حلقوی شامل یک اتم نیتروژن و یک گروه هیدروکسیل

calcified =harden by deposition of or conversion into calcium carbonate or some other insoluble calcium compounds = کلسیفه شده، سخت شده در اثر تبدیل به کلسیم کربنات

proteoglycans, compound consisting of a protein bonded to mucopolysaccharide groups, present especially in connective tissue. = پروتئوگلایکن، ترکیبات پروتئینی که به گروه های موکوپلی ساکاریدی پیوند یافته و در بافت پیوندی بدن وجود دارند

COMPOUND, A compound is a completed perfume formulation ready to be used in a product. The term “composition” and compound are interchangeable. = كامپاند به فرمولاسیون كامل عطر گفته می شودكه برای استفاده در محصول آماده است. كامپازیشن و كامپوند را می توان به جای هم استفاده نمود.

essential oils, an essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants, also known as volatile oils = اسانس های روغنی، ماده هیدروفوب غلیظ شده که حاوی ترکیبات آروماتیک فرار گیاهان می باشد. اسانس های روغنی را روغن های فرار نیز می نامند.

AMBERGRIS, Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale. Ambergris is commonly referred to as “amber” in perfumery. = آمبرگریس، توده‌هایی از تركیبات چرب اكسید شده كه پیش­سازهای آن توسط نهنگ عنبر ترشح شده و از بدن او خارج شده است. آمبرگریس را در عطرسازی به اختصار عنبر می‌گویند.

DISTILLATION, A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are recollected through condensation of the distilled vapour. = تقطیر: تكنیك رایج برای بدست آوردن مواد آروماتیك گیاهان مثل شكوفه پرتقال و رز. ماده اولیه حرارت داده می شود و تركیب عطری جمع آوری می شود با روش میعان مایع تقطیر شده.

COUMARIN, A chemical compound with a sweet, distinctive vanilla-like odor with grassy elements. Found naturally in some plants, it may also be produced synthetically. It is used by perfumers as a base note to add warmth and depth. = كومارین: ماده ای شیمیایی با رایحه شیرین و شبیه وانیل. از كومارین به عنوان نوت پایه در فرمولاسیون عطر اضافه می شود تا به آن گرما و عمق ببخشد.

solvent extraction, Liquid–liquid extraction also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. = استخراج با حلال یا استخراج مایع مایع که به آن پارتیشنینگ نیز می گویند، روشی برای جداسازی ترکیبات بر مبنای حلالیت نسبی آن ها به دو فاز مایع غیر قابل امتزاج (معمولا آب و فاز حلال ارگانیک) می باشد

ALCOHOL, Denatured ethyl alcohol is added to a fragrance compound to serve as the carrier. It modifies the fragrance intensity and makes application to the skin easier. Concentration of alcohol to perfume oils varies from perfumer to perfumer. = الكل، اتیل الكل دناتوره به تركیب عطر اضافه می‌شود تا به عنوان حامل استفاده شود. الکل‌ها شدت عطر را اصلاح می‌کنند و استفاده از آن روی پوست را آسان‌تر می‌نمایند. غلظت الكل در عطر و نسبت آن به اسانس از عطّار به عطّار متفاوت است.

ENFLEURAGE, In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible because some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. = انفلوراژ: در این فرایند مواد معطر به داخل یك ماده مومی شكل جذب می شود و سپس روغنهای معطر با اتیل الكل جدا می شود. استخراج با انفلوراژ برای گیاهان ظریف استفاده می شود كه در اثر تقطیر ممكن است ملكولهای مواد معطرشان تخریب شود.

moisture = رطوبت

EMOLLIENTS — Oils and other ingredients that soften and smooth the skin and reduce dryness, roughness and irritation. In hair care products, they restore lost moisture to hair fiber, contributing to shine and strength. Examples: coconut fatty alcohols, essential fatty acids, shea butter, jojoba oil. (INCI dictionary) 

ADANSONIA DIGITATA — Baobab Oil. Rich emollient helps maintain skin elasticity and restore moisture to dehydrated, sun-stressed skin and dry hair. Its high vitamin D content makes it ideal for after sun use. Also rich in antioxidants—particularly vitamin C—and essential fatty acids, very nourishing to the skin. (INCI dictionary) 

BETA VULGARIS — Beet Root Extract. Rich in polysaccharides, this powerful humectant is clinically proven to boost the skin’s natural moisturizing factor, forming a film on the skin that actually locks moisture in for up to 8 hours. Phytonutrients enhance cell renewal and a high antioxidant content protects skin from free radical damage. The extract or juice of beets is also sometimes used as a natural red color in cosmetics. (INCI dictionary) 

CAPRYLIC / CAPRIC TRIGLYCERIDE — Lightweight emollient derived from glycerin and coconut oil that helps suppor t the skin’s moisture barrier. A superb conditioning agent, it adds to the spreadability of creams and lotions and helps promote the delivery of vitamins and other beneficial ingredients onto the skin. (INCI dictionary)

DYCAPRYLYL CARBONATE — Plant-derived fat used as an emollient and skin conditioner. Added to sunscreens, moisturizers and anti-aging formulations, it increases the spreadability of the prod- uct. It is considered a “dry emollient” for its ability to soften skin and replenish its moisture content without leaving a greasy feel. (INCI dictionary)

FRUCTOSE — A sugar found in fruits and honey that soothes, hydrates and encourages moisture retention in the skin. (INCI dictionary)

GLUCOSE — A fruit sugar from corn and grapes that soothes and hydrates the skin, encouraging moisture retention. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN — A naturally derived, water-soluble protein of bovine origin. Elastin is one of the three main proteins found in the skin, along with collagen and reticulin. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED KERATIN — A combination of complex proteins, keratin is the key structural component of the hair, making up about 90% of healthy hair fiber. Used in hair products, it bonds to individual strands and forms a protective coating that helps seal in moisture and nutrients and smoothes the hair cuticle to reduce frizzing and add shine. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN — Water-soluble protein naturally derived from wheat. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture and is clinically proven to minimize fine lines and wrinkles. In hair care formulas, it coats porous and damaged areas to strengthen and mend hair fiber. (See also Hydrolyzed vegetable protein.) (INCI dictionary)

LAMINARIA DIGITATA — Laminaria. Seaweed high in antioxi- dants and iodine helps attract and retain moisture on the skin. An excellent humectant and nutrient. (INCI dictionary)

LAMINARIA OCHROLEUCA — Golden Seaweed. Anti-inflam- matory and humectant, rich in plant sterols. Helps attract and retain moisture and protect skin from environmental stressors. (INCI dictionary)

LIPOSOMES — Micro-capsules or sacs made from fatty substances (phospholipids), easily absorbed by the skin. Used in creams and lo- tions, they penetrate deeply to deliver nutrients, moisture and other substances contained within the sac to internal layers of the skin. (See also Phospholipids.) (INCI dictionary)

RETICULIN — One of the three main proteins found in the skin, often used in cellular repair creams for its ability to attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED OIL — Jojoba Oil, Jojoba Wax. Waxy oil extracted from the bean, which helps the jojoba des- ert plant retain water during the long summer drought. When used in cosmetic preparations, it not only acts as a humectant, but actually creates a protective film over the skin and hair shaft that helps seal in moisture. The oil is highly stable and very effective on dry skin, dam- aged hair and split ends. (INCI dictionary)

SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SEED POWDER — Jojoba Meal. High in protein and natural fibers, this byproduct of the moisture-rich jojo- ba plant contains 17 amino acids. Its mild exfoliating properties help clear away dead skin cells and nourish and deep-cleanse the complex- ion without drying it out. (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM COCOYL HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN — A mild, natural soap. (See also Sodium Cocoate and Hydrolyzed Soy Protein.) SODIUM HYALURONATE — A naturally occurring glycosami- noglycan (polysaccharide) derived from beneficial bacteria. Used in skin care preparations to help attract and retain moisture. SODIUM HYDROXIDE — An alkaline salt obtained when elec- trolysis (positive and negative poles) is applied to seawater or salt water. Chlorine collects at the positive pole, and sodium hydroxide collects at the negative pole. (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM PCA — Salt of glutamic acid, an amino acid that occurs widely in food. Used in appropriate concentrations, it acts as a hu- mectant to help attract and retain moisture to the skin. (INCI dictionary)

SOLUBLE COLLAGEN — Dermal protein that makes up 70 percent of the body’s connective tissue. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture to smooth and soften the skin, increase elasticity and diminish the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. (INCI dictionary)

SUCROSE — A derivative of cane sugar. Hydrates and encourages moisture retention in the skin. (INCI dictionary)

UBIQUINONE — CoQ10 (Co-Enzyme Q10) Liposomes. High in polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially linoleic acid) and protein, CoQ10 helps suppor t cell structure with antioxidant and protective action, and has been shown to reduce the appearance and depth of wrinkles and increase the skin’s moisture with regular use. (See also Liposomes.) (INCI dictionary)

BETA GLUCANS: Soluble Beta Glucans are extremely effective in increasing moisture retention and calming irritated skin. As Biological Response Modifiers, they also help to activate the immune system of the skin, challenging skin to repair itself at a deep level where sensitivity starts. (cellularskinrx.com)

DERMAXYL: Cell youthening Dermaxyl™, a patented oligopeptide and ceramide blend, inspires older cells to communicate like younger cells. When cells communicate more fully, repair cells can focus on areas of skin damage caused by aging processes. The result is enhanced firmness, better moisture retention, and visible easing of deep wrinkles. Clinical studies testing 24 female subjects aged 42 to 66 with a once daily application of 2% Dermaxyl™ for 56 days showed up to 36% reduction in visible wrinkle volume while wrinkle depth lessened up to 27%. (cellularskinrx.com)

GLYCO-CERAMIDES: Plant-derived lipids that help protect skin from moisture loss. The aging process gradually depletes skin’s moisture. The Glyco-Ceramides help to replace this lost moisture and protect lips from further moisture loss. The result is a plumper, fully hydrated lip. (cellularskinrx.com)

NIACINAMIDE: Also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid, niacinamide is a potent cell-communicating ingredient that offers multiple benefits for aging skin. It stops the skin cells that produce pigment from transferring that pigment to surface skin cells, thereby minimizing unwanted dark spots. It is also an effective moisturizer helping the skin produce more ceramides and fatty acids, which are crucial components of your skin barrier. As that barrier is strengthened, skin is better able to keep moisture in and irritants out. Redness and inflammation are visibly reduced. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer and F*a*C*E Synergy Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

ROSEMARY: Rosemary contains a phyto-lipid that helps skin to repair its protective barrier. Over time, it can inspire skin to increase its barrier lipid production by up to 450%. The result is increased moisture retention and a softer, smoother, plumper skin. Used in Calming BioLipid Repair Creme and Fluid. (cellularskinrx.com)

SEA BUCKTHORN OIL: Rich in omega 3, 6, 7 and 9, oil from this incredible plant replaces moisture lost due to environmental insults and aging. Skin's natural lipid barrier is restored and protected. Skin's texture is improved. Overall, skin's health is greatly improved. Used in CSRx Facial Cleansing Oil and Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

Hair Color Sticks: Hair color sticks are temporary colors used- when people need a quick fix- to touch up exposed roots, or to create highlights of different colors. The stick is similar to mascara, and color is painted directly onto dry hair with a small brush. It's a somewhat sloppy process and can dry stiff. Watch out too for moisture because the color can run off the hair and onto your clothing. (thehairstyler.com)

Retain moisture = حفظ و نگهداری رطوبت

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN — A naturally derived, water-soluble protein of bovine origin. Elastin is one of the three main proteins found in the skin, along with collagen and reticulin. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED WHEAT PROTEIN — Water-soluble protein naturally derived from wheat. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture and is clinically proven to minimize fine lines and wrinkles. In hair care formulas, it coats porous and damaged areas to strengthen and mend hair fiber. (See also Hydrolyzed vegetable protein.) (INCI dictionary)

LAMINARIA DIGITATA — Laminaria. Seaweed high in antioxi- dants and iodine helps attract and retain moisture on the skin. An excellent humectant and nutrient. (INCI dictionary)

LAMINARIA OCHROLEUCA — Golden Seaweed. Anti-inflam- matory and humectant, rich in plant sterols. Helps attract and retain moisture and protect skin from environmental stressors. (INCI dictionary)

RETICULIN — One of the three main proteins found in the skin, often used in cellular repair creams for its ability to attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM COCOYL HYDROLYZED SOY PROTEIN — A mild, natural soap. (See also Sodium Cocoate and Hydrolyzed Soy Protein.) SODIUM HYALURONATE — A naturally occurring glycosami- noglycan (polysaccharide) derived from beneficial bacteria. Used in skin care preparations to help attract and retain moisture. SODIUM HYDROXIDE — An alkaline salt obtained when elec- trolysis (positive and negative poles) is applied to seawater or salt water. Chlorine collects at the positive pole, and sodium hydroxide collects at the negative pole. (INCI dictionary)

SODIUM PCA — Salt of glutamic acid, an amino acid that occurs widely in food. Used in appropriate concentrations, it acts as a hu- mectant to help attract and retain moisture to the skin. (INCI dictionary)

SOLUBLE COLLAGEN — Dermal protein that makes up 70 percent of the body’s connective tissue. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture to smooth and soften the skin, increase elasticity and diminish the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. (INCI dictionary)

Supply moisture = تامین رطوبت

lack of moisture = فقدان رطوبت

soaps = صابون ها

soaping = صابونی شدن، مثل صابون

Bar soap = صابون قالبی

Soap free = فاقد صابون

soap-free = عاری از صابون

harsh soap = صابون خشن

Cold cream soaps = صابون های حاوی کلدکرم 

antimicrobial soaps = صابون های آنتی میکروبی

Soapwort, Saponaria officinalis = صابونی، پن صابون، ساپوناریا، گیاهی علفی با ارتفاع حداکثر 1 متر

unctuous, having a greasy or soapy feel = نرم و لغزنده

after cleansing with a soap-free cleanser = بعد از پاک کردن با یک پاک کننده بدون صابون

rinsed, washed with clean water to remove soap, makeup, dirt, or impurities = آبکشی با آب، شستن با آب تمیز به منظور زدودن صابون، آرایش و آلودگی ها

quintessence, essence = اسانس، عطرمایه، روغن معطر و فرار، ترکیباتی که بو و طعم خوبی دارند و در محصولات غذایی ، داروئی ، بهداشتی و آرایشی به کار برده می شوند. اسانس Essence از لحاظ لغوی به معنای جوهر ، ماهیت و عنصر وجودی است. اسانس از کلمه فرانسوی Essence به فارسی وارد شده و در انگلیسی هم با این املا و با تلفظ متفاوت استفاده می شود.

water and essence go through a condenser where they cool and separate = آب و اسانس از کندانسور عبور کرده، خنک شده و از یکدیگر جداسازی می شوند

EXTRACTION, Extraction with volatile solvents is the most effective and commonly used method to obtain essences. = استخراج: استخراج با حلال های فرّار موثرترین و رایج ترین روش به دست آوردن گیاهان است.

ESSENTIAL OIL, The “essence” of plants obtained by distillation of the plant material or its concrete. Plant materials include flowers, grass, stems, seeds, leaves, roots, bark, fruits, tree moss and tree secretions. = اسانس روغنی: اسانس گیاهان كه با روش تقطیر مواد گیاهی یا كانكریت آنها به دست می آید. منظورمان از مواد گیاهی گلها، علفها، ساقه ها، بذرها، برگها، ریشه ها، تنه و میوه درختان است. همچنین خزه درختان و سایر ترشحات درختان همگی از مواد گیاهی محسوب می شوند كه می تواند تقطیر شود.

collagen = کلاژن

ALARIA ESCULENTA — Edible seaweed high in essential fatty acids and antioxidants. A rich moisturizer, it stimulates the creation of hyaluronic acid within the skin and helps support collagen and elastin to promote skin elasticity. It has been clinically proven to significantly increase firmness when applied twice daily to the skin for 28 days. (INCI dictionary) 

AMINO ACIDS — Amino acids are “the building blocks” that make up proteins. Because proteins are necessary to every living cell and are involved in every major process in the body, amino acids are essential to health. Of the roughly 28 known amino acids, 80 percent are manufactured by the body. The others, known as essential amino acids, must be obtained from the diet. Amino acids support proteins in the skin (collagen, elastin, etc.) and, used in certain combinations, help regulate oil production in the skin and scalp. Human hair is made up of 18 amino acids, which is why many quality hair care products contain them. (INCI dictionary) 

ARGANIA SPINOSA — Argan Oil. Nutrient-rich oil, high in essential fatty acids and antioxidant vitamin E. Supports the skin’s collagen and improves softness and elasticity. In hair care products, it rehydrates and smoothes the hair cuticle to help reduce frizzing and add shine. (INCI dictionary)

ASCORBIC ACID — Vitamin C. Powerful antioxidant and nutrient, very beneficial to the skin. Plays an essential role in building collagen, the connective tissue that makes up 70 percent of our skin. Vitamin C is also a natural preservative, protecting both the oil and water phases of cosmetics. Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble form of vitamin C. (See also Calcium ascorbate.) (INCI dictionary) 

CALCIUM ASCORBATE — Ester-C® Topical. A patented form of natural vitamin C, both oil- and water-soluble, clinically shown to retain its potency longer than other forms.While ordinary vitamin C degrades quickly in skin care products, Ester-C® Topical is stable and delivers the full benefit of this powerful antioxidant, penetrating into deep layers of the skin to promote collagen production. (Ester-C® is a registered trademark of Inter-Cal Corporation.) (INCI dictionary)

CARNOSINE — Naturally occurring combination of the amino acids histidine and alanine, used in skin care products for its pro- tective and skin rejuvenating proper ties. An antioxidant and anti-in- flammatory, it protects collagen and elastin fibers in the skin from oxidative stress, improves elasticity and reduces wrinkles and other signs of aging. (INCI dictionary)

COLLAGEN — See Soluble Collagen. (INCI dictionary)

EQUISETUM HYEMALE, EQUISETUM ARVENSE — Horsetail, Bottlebrush. Nutrient-rich herbal high in silica, essential to collagen production. A vegan alternative to collagen treatments, it firms and refreshes the skin and promotes healing. Often used in conjunction with coltsfoot in hair care products, it strengthens the hair shaft and adds sheen and elasticity. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROLYZED ELASTIN — A naturally derived, water-soluble protein of bovine origin. Elastin is one of the three main proteins found in the skin, along with collagen and reticulin. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

SOLUBLE COLLAGEN — Dermal protein that makes up 70 percent of the body’s connective tissue. Applied topically, it helps attract and retain moisture to smooth and soften the skin, increase elasticity and diminish the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. (INCI dictionary)

WHEY PROTEIN — A protein derived from milk. Helps suppor t the skin’s collagen. (INCI dictionary)

Collagen – Soluble collagen (INCI dictionary)

ARGININE: An amino acid that binds to the pure glycolic acid molecule. Once bonded, it allows for controlled delivery of glycolic acid into the skin over a prolonged period of time thus reducing irritation that usually accompanies AHA use. Promotes collagen synthesis and increases skin elasticity. (cellularskinrx.com)

CHLORELLA VULGARIS: Chlorella Vulgaris is a microalgae that stimulates collagen and elastin production while protecting these skin proteins from early cell death caused by inflammation enzymes elevated during stress. (cellularskinrx.com)

DARUTOSIDE: Also known as Siegesbeckia orientalis, Darutoside is a plant extract that is rich in emollients. By soothing the skin, decreasing inflammation, restoring collagen and promoting collagen production, this extract helps to improve skin elasticity and brightens surface appearance. Darutoside has been shown to stimulate tissue regeneration via collagen fibres which improves skin elasticity. (cellularskinrx.com)

FERULIC ACID: Ferulic acid is an excellent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals,thus preventing premature aging of the skin caused by free radical damage to elastin and collagen. Ferulic acid acts synergistically with other antioxidants, specifically vitamin C and E, to double their ability to protect the skin from UV radiation. (Interestingly, Ferulic Acid's antioxidant activity is actually boosted by exposure to UV light.) The addition of Ferulic Acid to solutions that contain l-ascorbic acid helps to stabilize 90% of the vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) and 100% stability is conferred upon Vitamin E (tocopherol). Used in F*a*C*E Synergy Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

GREEN TEA EXTRACT: A powerful antioxidant that protects skin from free radical damage that causes premature aging. The polyphenols in green tea act as free radical scavengers soaking up these unstable molecules before they can damage the collagen layer. Green tea extract has also been shown to soothe, heal and calm irritated skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

L-ASCORBIC ACID: It is the most effective form of Vitamin C and acts as a powerful antioxidant. L-Ascorbic Acid is the only form of Vitamin C that is easily absorbed by the skin and is a key element in any anti-aging skincare regimen. Skin is exposed to a variety of environmental insults on a daily basis. UVA/UVB radiation, smoke, air pollution and stress all contribute to the free radical/oxidation process that breaks down the collagen layer of your skin. During this oxidation process, environmental insults cause the skin to form free radicals (O1 molecules) that need to attach to other molecules to become stable (O2 molecules). These free radicals attach to the skin's collagen molecules. This contributes to the breakdown of this collagen layer. Skin starts to look old and loses its natural firmness and elasticity. L-Ascorbic Acid protects your skin from environmental damage and prevents the formation of free radicals. L-Ascorbic Acid is necessary for collagen production and helps to stimulate your skin to produce healthy collagen layers. Over time, the L-Ascorbic Acid in the C + Firming Serum will help to reduce hyperpigmentation, lighten brown spots and improve the texture and firmness of your skin for a younger-looking, more radiant appearance. The 12% concentration of L-Ascorbic Acid in the C + Firming Serum is formulated at a lower ph to ease absorption. It is suspended in a simple stabilizing solution to maintain the effectiveness of the Vitamin C over time. (cellularskinrx.com)

MUNG BEAN SPROUT STEM CELLS: MMP enzymes have been identified as particularly damaging to the skin's extra-cellular matrix. Mung Bean Sprout Stem Cells protect collagen and the extra-cellular matrix from MMPs. The stem cells repair UV-damaged fibroblasts and reduce photo-induced inflammation that eventually leads to skin sensitivity and loss of elasticity. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

OXIDO REDUCTASES: Oxido Reductases is a powerful antioxidant agent that helps to reduce the oxidation process that can lead to premature aging. Oxido Reductases acts as a free radical scavenger, neutralizing free radical molecules in the skin that can lead to collagen/elastin damage. Oxido Reductases has also been shown to have skin lightening properties. Used in Eye Bright Treatment Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Clinically proven to regenerate the skin's upper layers by stimulating collagen production, thus thickening the epidermis. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of the C-terminal portion of collagen I (the most common type of the nineteen forms of collagen) combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. One could look at Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 as a man-made precursor to collagen I. When this protein is added to cultured human fibroblasts it enhances the synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin. In vitro, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen IV synthesis by 100-327% and to stimulate hyaluronic acidsynthesis by 267%. In vivo Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 was found to stimulate collagen synthesis by 30-117%. Image analysis determined the effect Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had on wrinkled skin. The six-month results are listed below, though significant results were seen in two months. Results: Mean wrinkle depth -- Reduced 17% Surface area: deep wrinkles -- Reduced 68% Surface area: moderate wrinkles -- Reduced 51% Mean density of wrinkled area -- Reduced 47% Skin roughness -- Reduced 16% Main wrinkle volume -- Reduced 24%. These results show that Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 had a dramatic effect on reducing the quantity and depth of wrinkles. It also improved surface smoothness. (cellularskinrx.com)

RETINOL: Retinol is pure active Vitamin A which is scientifically proven to produce healthy, plump skin cells. Because Retinol's molecular structure is small enough to penetrate the outer layers of the epidermis, it can repair deeper layers within the skin.  Collagen and elastin are positively impacted by the benefits of Retinol, as it stimulates the production of collagen in the skin layers, and helps to rebuild and repair elastin fibers. Retinol accelerates cell turnover, encouraging dead skin cells to naturally exfoliate more quickly, thus revealing healthy, fresh cells. It is an excellent ingredient that aids in the repair of sun damaged skin.  Retinol has been proven to be extremely helpful in the treatment of acne without the drying effects (cellularskinrx.com)

SOY PEPTIDES: Soy peptides stimulate fibroblast proliferation and increase collagen and elastin synthesis. This results in firmer-looking skin. Soy Peptides are used to help prevent proteinase activity (as a result of exposure to UV light and ozone) from degrading collagen bundles in the skin. They can also can help to lighten hyperpigmentation and act as an anti-irritant, reducing inflammation. Used in Eye Bright Treatment Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

TETRAHEXYLDECYL ASCORBATE: Stable, oil-soluble vitamin C ester able to be used in cosmetic products with neutral to high pH. Protects from lipid peroxidation and limits melaninogenesis. Limits UV damage and stimulates collagen production. Used in Smooth Surface Instant Line-Filler. (cellularskinrx.com)

Elastin: Protein found in the neck ligaments and aortas of cows. Similar to collagen. Can’t affect the skin’s own elasticity. Alternatives: synthetics, protein from plant tissues. (peta.org)

Collagen: Fibrous protein in vertebrates. Usually derived from animal tissue. Can’t affect the skin’s own collagen. An allergen. Alternatives: soy protein, almond oil, amla oil (see alternatives to Keratin), etc. (peta.org)

collagen vii = کلاژن هفت

collagen matrix = ماتریس کلاژن

hydrolyzed collagen = کلاژن هیدرولیزشده

collagen and keratin = کلاژن و کراتین

collagen stimulation = تحریک کلاژن 

collagen injection-like = مشابه تزریق کلاژن

human fibroblastic collagenase = کلاژناز فیبروبلاست انسان

contraction of collagen fibrils = انقباض فیبریل های کلاژن

activation of collagen synthesis = فعال سازی سنتز کلاژن

fibroblasts, a cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibres = فیبروبلاست ها، سلول های بافت پیوندی که کلاژن و فیبرهای دیگر تولید می کنند

herbaceous = گیاهی

POGOSTEMON CABLIN — Patchouli. Aromatic essential oil used as a fragrance for its rich, herbaceous scent, and as a fixative in perfumes and soaps. (INCI dictionary)

Neroli: The essential oil from steam-distilling the orange flowers from the Seville Orange or Citrus aurantiam. It has a sharper, more citrus scent than orange blossom, which comes from the same flowers. Petit grain is the essential oil extracted from this same plant’s leaves and twigs, producing a woody-herbaceous scent used often in men’s fragrances. L’Artisan’s Seville À L’Aube features orange blossom. Tom Ford’s Neroli Portofino showcases the steam-distilled orange flower essence, and Comme des Garçons Energy C Grapefruit has petit grain. (intothegloss.com)

HERBACEOUS: A fragrance note that is grassy-green, spicy and somewhat therapeutic, e.g., thyme, chamomile. (fragrance.org)

repair = ترمیم

RETICULIN — One of the three main proteins found in the skin, often used in cellular repair creams for its ability to attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

BETA GLUCANS: Soluble Beta Glucans are extremely effective in increasing moisture retention and calming irritated skin. As Biological Response Modifiers, they also help to activate the immune system of the skin, challenging skin to repair itself at a deep level where sensitivity starts. (cellularskinrx.com)

CAROB SEED EXTRACT: Phyto-repair molecules restore the balance of natural regenerative skin systems depleted by age. Accelerates the recovery of stressed skin tissue. Reduces redness, inflammation. Skin's resilience, color, and volume are increased. (cellularskinrx.com)

DERMAXYL: Cell youthening Dermaxyl™, a patented oligopeptide and ceramide blend, inspires older cells to communicate like younger cells. When cells communicate more fully, repair cells can focus on areas of skin damage caused by aging processes. The result is enhanced firmness, better moisture retention, and visible easing of deep wrinkles. Clinical studies testing 24 female subjects aged 42 to 66 with a once daily application of 2% Dermaxyl™ for 56 days showed up to 36% reduction in visible wrinkle volume while wrinkle depth lessened up to 27%. (cellularskinrx.com)

DEXPANTHENOL: A form of vitamin B5, volumizes, hydrates and repairs surface skin cells upon application. (cellularskinrx.com)

JOJOBA OIL: Mistakenly called an oil as it is really a wax that becomes soluble at room temperature. Jojoba oil is excellent at dissolving other oils, dead skin cells and excess sebum in the pores. Long used for scalp and general skin care. Used in CSRx Facial Cleansing Oil , CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment and in Calming Biolipid Repair Creme. (cellularskinrx.com)

MUNG BEAN SPROUT STEM CELLS: MMP enzymes have been identified as particularly damaging to the skin's extra-cellular matrix. Mung Bean Sprout Stem Cells protect collagen and the extra-cellular matrix from MMPs. The stem cells repair UV-damaged fibroblasts and reduce photo-induced inflammation that eventually leads to skin sensitivity and loss of elasticity. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

PANTOTHENIC ACID: A form of vitamin B5, volumizes, hydrates and repairs surface skin cells upon application. Used in F*a*C*E Synergy Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

RETINOL: Retinol is pure active Vitamin A which is scientifically proven to produce healthy, plump skin cells. Because Retinol's molecular structure is small enough to penetrate the outer layers of the epidermis, it can repair deeper layers within the skin.  Collagen and elastin are positively impacted by the benefits of Retinol, as it stimulates the production of collagen in the skin layers, and helps to rebuild and repair elastin fibers. Retinol accelerates cell turnover, encouraging dead skin cells to naturally exfoliate more quickly, thus revealing healthy, fresh cells. It is an excellent ingredient that aids in the repair of sun damaged skin.  Retinol has been proven to be extremely helpful in the treatment of acne without the drying effects (cellularskinrx.com)

ROSEMARY: Rosemary contains a phyto-lipid that helps skin to repair its protective barrier. Over time, it can inspire skin to increase its barrier lipid production by up to 450%. The result is increased moisture retention and a softer, smoother, plumper skin. Used in Calming BioLipid Repair Creme and Fluid. (cellularskinrx.com)

SEA WHIP: Sea Whip calms and soothes skin prone to irritation. Sea Whip provides the strongest soothing action of all sea plant-derived extracts. Helps to reduce visible redness and other signs of sensitivity. It inhibits 90% of inflammatory enzyme PLA2 which is known to trigger the skin's inflammation response that leads to redness, discomfort, and PIH (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation). Used in Calming BioLipid Repair Creme and Fluid. (cellularskinrx.com)

THERMUS FERMENT EXTRACT: Repairs and protects against heat-activated free radicals that destroy DNA, cell membranes and skin-protecting lipids. Used in CSRx Antioxidant Defense Complex. (cellularskinrx.com)

Repair cream = کرم ترمیم کننده

RETICULIN — One of the three main proteins found in the skin, often used in cellular repair creams for its ability to attract and retain moisture. (INCI dictionary)

tissue repair = ترمیم بافت

disinfecting and wound repair = ضد عفونی کننده و ترمیم کننده زخم

mildness = ملایمت

Mild abrasive = ساينده ملايم

mild breakouts = جوش های خفیف

Mild vs Severe = خفیف و شدید

Acne Comedonica (mild acne) = آکنه کومدونی (خفیف)

Flaky (mild, moderate, severe) = پوسته پوسته شدن (خفیف، متوسط، شدید)

peptide = پپتید، مولکولی از کنار هم قرار گرفتن تعدادی اسید آمینه تشکیل می شود

ACETYL GLUTAMYL HEPTAPEPTIDE: Acetyl Glutamyl Heptapeptide-1 (also known as Octapeptide or SNAP-8). This more powerful peptide is the elongated daughter of the acetyl hexapeptide molecule. It can significantly modulate muscle contraction thus preventing the formation of lines and wrinkles that are caused by repeated movement. It is especially effective in reducing wrinkle depth while acetyl hexapeptide is more effective in reducing surface muscle tension. (cellularskinrx.com)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 3: A non-toxic amino-peptide developed specifically to reduce wrinkles and the signs of premature aging. Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 is a cost-effective alternative to injections and surgical procedures. Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 temporarily limits the overproduction and release of neurotransmitters that initiate and control the intensity of facial muscle contractions. This reduction in intensity reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. This powerful ingredient reduces muscle contractions in a non-paralytic fashion and without toxic side effects. It is naturally derived and non-irritating to the skin. Attaching the hexapeptide to the fatty acid, acetyl, allows the resulting amino-peptide to be easily absorbed into the skin. At a 10% concentration, Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 has been shown to reduce the depth of wrinkles up to 30% after 30 days of trial use. (source: International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol. 24, No 5, p.303, October 2002). Currently, doctors are beginning to recommend use of Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 skin serums in conjunction with paralytic injections to prolong those results. (cellularskinrx.com)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 30: A longer chain acetyl molecule cousin to Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 and 8. Similarly, it inhibits acetylcholine release both pre- and post-synaptically to block nerve signals that cause facial muscles to contract and eventually, form lines and wrinkles. This reduction in nerve signal intensity and muscular contractions reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. Use of Acetyl Hexapeptide 30 in combination with other Acetyl Hexapeptide molecules has an additive effect which is more powerful than using any of the amino-peptides alone. (cellularskinrx.com)

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 8: An amino-peptide developed specifically to reduce wrinkles and the signs of premature aging. Acetyl Hexapeptide 8 is the longer chain molecule cousin of Acetyl Hexapeptide 3. Similar to AH-3, it is a cost-effective alternative to injections and surgical procedures. Acetyl Hexapeptide 8 temporarily limits the overproduction and release of neurotransmitters that initiate and control the intensity of facial muscle contractions. This reduction in intensity reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. Used in combination with Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 and Acetyl Hexapeptide 30, it results in an additive wrinkle-relaxing effect that is more powerful than each amino-peptide used alone. (cellularskinrx.com)

CALMOSENSINE: Calmosensine™ is a patented peptide that relaxes visible tension lines while relieving feelings of heat, stinging and general discomfort. (cellularskinrx.com)

MATRIXYL 3000: Also known as palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7. This next generation oligopeptide firms and decreases visible wrinkles within two months of daily use. Used in Firming Peptide Eye Creme and CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment. (cellularskinrx.com)

MATRIXYL® SYNTHE®6: Facial architectural peptide supports 6 skin-rebuilding activities for a more organized cellular matrix. Signals skin to rebuild particularly where needed, especially the forehead and crow's feet. Natural volume is restored over time. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

PALMITOYL TETRAPEPTIDE 3: Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 has been clinically proven to suppress the body's production of interleukins (IL6), the chemical messengers that trigger inflammation, the first step in the aging cascade. Inflammation is a function of immunity and is a protective response to injury or destruction of tissue. This is the body's way of walling off the injurious agent and the injured tissue. Under normal circumstances, very little IL6 is secreted and its secretion is strictly controlled. However, as we age this regulation system develops defects, and significant levels of IL6 appear in the plasma even when there is no inflammatory stimulus. This results in high levels of inflammatory proteins in the tissues and a loss of healing potential. At concentrations from 10 ppm, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 induces a marked reduction in the secretion of the cytokine IL6. This reduction is progressive and depends on the concentration of the peptide: baseline secretion may be inhibited by up to 40%. Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 reduced levels of IL6 after cells were exposed to UV radiation by up to 86% even though IL6 had been increased by about 20 fold by the UV. These results show that Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 is able to affect baseline levels of IL6 as well as modulate the effects of UV-stimulated over-production of IL6. Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-3 is marketed by Sederma as a molecule that can restore cytokine equilibrium, which characterizes youthful skin. (cellularskinrx.com)

PENTAPEPTIDE 3: Pentapeptide-3 is a powerful yet safe wrinkle-relaxer that acts similarly to curare, the powerful paralytic nerve agent. As with curare, this powerful peptide acts at the post-synaptic membrane. The peptide prevents release of the sodium ion necessary for muscle receptors to receive nerve signals that cause the muscles to contract. The muscle stays relaxed and lines are not formed. Used in SuperMax MultiPeptide Skin Solution Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

RUBIXYL®: This engineered peptide signals skin cells to make more keratin and ceramides. It restores seven key epidermal proteins to normal levels helping to counter the glycation process that causes epidermal protein bonding to become disorganized. Used in Firming Densifier Active Treatment Moisturizer. (cellularskinrx.com)

SOY PEPTIDES: Soy peptides stimulate fibroblast proliferation and increase collagen and elastin synthesis. This results in firmer-looking skin. Soy Peptides are used to help prevent proteinase activity (as a result of exposure to UV light and ozone) from degrading collagen bundles in the skin. They can also can help to lighten hyperpigmentation and act as an anti-irritant, reducing inflammation. Used in Eye Bright Treatment Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

TRIPEPTIDE: Tripeptide has been developed as an efficient smoothing and anti-wrinkle small peptide particularly effective against expression lines by relaxing facial muscles. This active tripeptide acts in a manner similar to Walglerin 1. Acting at the post-synaptic membrane, Tripeptide is a reverible antagonist of the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (mnAChR). Tripeptide binds to the receptor; consequently it remains closed. In the closed state, sodium ions (Na+) are not released and the muscles stay relaxed. Clinical trials have shown that Tripeptide is capable of reducing expression lines/wrinkles by inhibiting muscle contractions. Used in SuperMax MultiPeptide Skin Solution Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

ARGIRELINE® peptide solution is the first anti-wrinkle hexapeptide with a Botulinum Toxin-like mechanism of action. It reduces the depth of the wrinkles on the face caused by the contraction of muscles of facial expression, especially in the forehead and around the eyes. ()

peptides = پپتیدها

ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE 30: A longer chain acetyl molecule cousin to Acetyl Hexapeptide 3 and 8. Similarly, it inhibits acetylcholine release both pre- and post-synaptically to block nerve signals that cause facial muscles to contract and eventually, form lines and wrinkles. This reduction in nerve signal intensity and muscular contractions reduces and prevents the formation of dynamic wrinkles that make your skin look aged. Use of Acetyl Hexapeptide 30 in combination with other Acetyl Hexapeptide molecules has an additive effect which is more powerful than using any of the amino-peptides alone. (cellularskinrx.com)

SOY PEPTIDES: Soy peptides stimulate fibroblast proliferation and increase collagen and elastin synthesis. This results in firmer-looking skin. Soy Peptides are used to help prevent proteinase activity (as a result of exposure to UV light and ozone) from degrading collagen bundles in the skin. They can also can help to lighten hyperpigmentation and act as an anti-irritant, reducing inflammation. Used in Eye Bright Treatment Serum. (cellularskinrx.com)

biopeptide = بایوپپتید، بیوپپتید، بایوپپتاید

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

dipeptide 2 = دی پپتید 2

neuropeptide = نوروپپتیدها

Pain relief has been reported after injection of BTX into hyperactive muscles. In addition, in animal models muscular pain induced by formalin can also be reduced by BTXA suggesting a direct analgesic effect.[18] In rabbit iris muscles and dorsal root ganglia neurons, substance P, a neuropeptide involved in pain reception and neurogenic inflammation, can be blocked together with acetylcholine. (J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2008 Jan; 1(1): 3–6.)

Poly peptide = پل پپتید

oligopeptides = اولیگوپپتیدها

Tetra peptide = تری پپتید

signal peptide = پپتیدهای سیگنالی

tridecapeptide = تری دکاپپتید

cationic peptide = پپتید کاتیونی

antimicrobial peptides = پپتیدهای آنتی میکروبیال، پپتیدهایی که خاصیت ضد میکروبی دارند

palmitoyl oligopeptide = پالمیتوئیل اولیگو پپتید

PALMITOYL OLIGOPEPTIDE: Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (also known as palmitoyl pentapeptide, Dermaxyl, Matrixyl and Matrixyl 3000) is an engineered amino-peptide that when added to a culture of fibroblasts (key skin cells), stimulates collagen, elastin and glucosaminoglycans production. These are the key components of healthy-looking skin. Clinically proven to reduce wrinkle depth by increasing hyaluronic acid and collagen production, Palmitoyl Oligopeptide (PO)is a synthetic protein that is a fragment of collagen combined with palmitic acid to make it more lipophillic, to improve its stability and to enhance its affinity towards human skin. As with Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, one could look at PO as a man-made precursor to collagen. PO was developed through research to identify a substance that would behave similarly to retinoic acid but without its drawbacks, especially in regards to synthesizing collagen. The reported results are as follows: In vitro: Increases collagen production by the fibroblasts by as much as 350%. Increases hyaluronic acid production by the fibroblasts by as much as 146%. In vivo: The following statistics were gathered using image analysis of volunteers who used crèmes containing a 3% concentration of Biopeptide-CL for 28 days. Surface roughness -- Reduced 17% Mean depth of wrinkles -- Reduced 23% Depth of main wrinkle -- Reduced 39% Skin thickness -- Increased 4%. The increase in skin thickness was considered especially notable and contrasts with the 6% reduction of the skin thickness that occurs after 10 years of aging. PO is a potent active cosmetic ingredient without the adverse effects (including irritation, dehydration or long-term toxicity and instability) characteristic of retinoids. Used in CSRx Lip Remodeling Treatment, Intensive Eye Therapy Creme, Firming Peptide Eye Creme,  and Fresh Pout Lip Balm. (cellularskinrx.com)

palmitoyl tertapeptide 3 = پالمیتوئیل تتراپپتید 3

α-MSH biomimetic peptide = پپتیت های مشابه هورمون تحریك كننده ملانوسیت

preservative free peptide = پپتیدهای عاری از نگهدارنده

Peptide = short chains of amino acids = پپتیدها = رشته های کوتاه از اسیدهای آمینه

Argireline, Acetyl hexapeptide-8 is marketed as Argireline by the Barcelona-based research laboratory Lipotec = آرژیرلین، استیل هگزاپپتید-8، پپتید ضد چروک که با مهار واکنش های بیولوژیکی درگیر در حرکت و انقباض ماهیچه ها عمل می کند

Transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1, polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines = فاکتور رشد تبدیلی بتا

haloxyl by sederma, an association of two matrikines that lessens under eye dark circles, contains N-Hydroxysuccinimide, Chrysin, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 = هالوکسیل سدرما، ترکیبی از ماتریکین ها که برای از بین بردن تیرگی زیر چشم استفاده می شود. حاوی ان هیدروکسی سوکسینیمید کرایسین، پالمیتوئیل تری پپتید 1، پالمیتوئیل تتراپپتید 7

scent = رایحه، اسانس

CYMBOPOGON MARTINI — Palma Rosa Oil. Essential oil used for its pleasant scent and hydrating and tonic effects on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

used in soaps and lotions as a scent fixative. (INCI dictionary)

THYMUS VULGARIS — Thyme. Antiseptic and tonic. Contributes an herbal note to the scent of cosmetic products. (INCI dictionary)

Accord: In the same way you hold down several notes in music to create a chord that has a unique sound, in perfume, an accord is a scent made up of several perfume notes, or ingredients, that blend together to form a distinct fragrance. For example, the classic accord in the chypre perfume category is bergamot, labdanum, and oakmoss. (intothegloss.com)

Base note: The term for the heaviest ingredients, molecularly, in a perfume formula, as well as those that one may notice after the top notes and heart notes. Base notes help to fix other notes in the perfume formula (i.e. make them last longer); they enhance the scent of other ingredients; and, in some cases, they impart their own scent. (intothegloss.com)

Castoreum: An oily secretion from the abdominal sacs of beavers, often a byproduct of the fur trade. Its warm, animalic, and even fruity scent is used in many leather perfumes—but mostly in synthetic form. In Amouage Fate Woman. (intothegloss.com)

Headspace technology: A method pioneered in the 1970s of capturing scent molecules and reconstructing their smell for perfumes. A bell-jar like apparatus is placed over the scented object and the molecules are extracted and saved. Once they’re analyzed, a synthetic version is created. This is how perfumes that are hard to distill, like gardenia, and notes like dirt, in Demeter’s much-lauded Dirt, are created. (intothegloss.com)

Neroli: The essential oil from steam-distilling the orange flowers from the Seville Orange or Citrus aurantiam. It has a sharper, more citrus scent than orange blossom, which comes from the same flowers. Petit grain is the essential oil extracted from this same plant’s leaves and twigs, producing a woody-herbaceous scent used often in men’s fragrances. L’Artisan’s Seville À L’Aube features orange blossom. Tom Ford’s Neroli Portofino showcases the steam-distilled orange flower essence, and Comme des Garçons Energy C Grapefruit has petit grain. (intothegloss.com)

Vetiver: An essential oil steam-distilled from the roots of a tall grass native to India—though Haiti is now its largest producer. It has an earthy, peppery, lemony, dusty scent that has been used extensively in perfumery. Guerlain Vetiver and Hové Parfumerie Vetivert are two great examples of this important perfume note. (intothegloss.com)

APOCRINES: A type of sweat gland which contributes to the sexual and body scent in humans and which influences the odor characteristics of one’s fragrance. (fragrance.org)

ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGRANCING: The use of a scent to enhance the comfort, enjoyment and overall perception of indoor spaces. (fragrance.org)

HORIZONTAL FORMULA: The construction in which the fragrance evolves as it warms and develops on the skin. The top, middle and bottom notes are separate, and as they merge, the true scent is revealed. (fragrance.org)

MOUILLETTES: Strips of odorless white blotting paper, which the perfumer uses to evaluate a scent as it develops. (fragrance.org)

VERTICAL FORMULA: The construction in which no transition from top to base notes is discernible. The fragrance has been purposely created so that the scent remains the same from the first note to the last. (fragrance.org)

fluorescent beads = منجوق های فلورسنت 

Adolescent vs adult = نوجوان در برابر بزرگسال

epifluorescent microscope = میکروسکوپ اپی فلورسنت

unscented or the same scent as your perfume = بدون بو یا از رایحه ای هم خانواده با عطر شما

MOUILLETTES, Strips of odorless white blotting paper, which the perfumer uses to evaluate a scent as it develops. = كاغذهای بلاتر كه برای ارزیابی رایحه یك عطر توسط عطار مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد.

MOSSY, The odor suggestive of the aromatic lichens, and mosses, primarily oak moss and tree moss; reminiscent of forest depths. = خزه ای: بویی كه شبیه مواد معطر لیتن ها، خزه ها مثل خزه بلوط است. یادآور اعماق جنگل.

Optical brighteners, optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs), fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) = سفیدکننده های فلوئورسنتی، اپتیکال برایتنر

APOCRINES, A type of sweat gland which contributes to the sexual and body scent in humans and which influences the odor characteristics of one’s fragrance. = آپوكرین، نوعی از غدد عرقی است كه به لوایح بدن و اندام جنسی مرتبط است و بوی خاص یك عطر را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد.

pearlescent pigments, pigments possess optical effects that serve decorative purposes such as cosmetics, printed products, industrial coatings, or automotive paints = ذرات مرواریدی

distillation = تقطیر

ESSENTIAL OILS — Volatile liquids extracted from plant materials by steam distillation or expression, which contain the characteristic plant aroma. Unlike fixed plant oils (such as olive oil), essential oils evaporate at room temperature and do not leave an oily residue on the skin. (INCI dictionary)

HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA — Witch Hazel. A byproduct of the distillation of the leaves and stems of the plant, this hydrosol or floral water is a natural astringent and tonic. An anti-irritant and anti-inflammatory, it is an excellent ingredient in facial cleansers, toners and lotions. (INCI dictionary)

HYDROSOLS — Floral Waters. Hydrosols are byproducts of the steam distillation of plant materials. While essential oils are concentrated forms of plant essences, hydrosols are highly diluted, made up of variable ratios of plant materials to water. To protect consumers, standards are being developed to determine an acceptable ratio. Quality hydrosols are beneficial to skin and hair, but do not offer all the synergy of natural, unprocessed plant liquids (e.g., aloe vera and orange pith juice). (INCI dictionary)

JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS — Cade Wood Oil. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the wood from the juniper tree. Used by European herbalists as a cleanser and toner to help clear and condition the scalp and prevent flaking. Today coal tar, a dangerous petrochemical, is generally used in its place in many mass-produced hair care products. (INCI dictionary)

LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA FLOWER WATER — Lavender Water. A byproduct of the distillation of lavender flowers, this hy- drosol or floral water is a natural hydrating and soothing agent. An anti-irritant and antiseptic, it is an excellent ingredient in facial cleans- ers, toners and lotions for sensitive skin. (INCI dictionary)

ROSA DAMASCENA FLOWER DISTILLATE — Rosewater. A byproduct of the distillation of fresh rose petals, this hydrosol or floral water is a natural hydrator and anti-irritant. Used in cosmetics since the 10th century, it is an excellent soothing agent for dry, sensitive skin. (INCI dictionary)

ROSA DAMASCENA FLOWER OIL — Rose Oil. Essential oil ob- tained by steam distillation. Used for its skin softening proper ties and pleasant fragrance. (INCI dictionary)

ATTAR (OTTO): From the ancient Persian word “to smell sweet.” Attar or otto refers to essential oil obtained by distillation and, in particular, that of the Bulgarian rose, an extremely precious perfumery material. (fragrance.org)

DISTILLATION: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are recollected through condensation of the distilled vapour. (fragrance.org)

ENFLEURAGE: In this process, aroma materials are absorbed into wax and then the odorous oil is extracted with ethyl alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when